【精品】材料概论复习资料.doc

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1、影响材料使用的因素MaterialsbehaviorAvailabilityCostSynthesisandproductionmethod（材料的合成与生产方法）ProcessingtechniquesEnvironmentalacceptabilityFactorsonthepropertiesofmaterials15组成材料的各元素的原子结构，Atomicstructure原子间的相互作用、相互结合，Natureofchemicalbonds原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律，Atomicordering原子集合体的形貌特征。Microstruct

2、urePropertiesofMaterialsMechanicalproperties:Thebehaviorofmaterialsdeformedbyasetofforces・弹性Elasticity塑性Plasticity强度Strength硬度Hardness韧性Toughness疲劳特性Fatiguebehaviour耐磨性AbrasionresistanceClassificationofmaterials:basedonatomicstructuresandthenatureofbondsMetalsandtheiralloysOrganicp

3、olymersCeramicsMechanicalproperties:whichreflectthebehaviorofmaterials,deformedbyasetofforcesPhysicalproperties:whichdescribethebehaviorofmaterialssubjectedtotheactionoftemperature,electricormagneticfields,orlight・Chemicalproperties:whichcharacterizethebehaviorofmaterialinareactive

4、environment.PerformancesPropertiesStructureTypesofmaterials1metalitisstrongandcanbereadilyformedintopracticalshapes.itsextensive，permanentductilityisanimportantassetinpermittingsmallamountsofyieldingtosuddenandsevereloads・2ceramicsandglassesChemicalstable，siginificantlyhighermeltin

5、gpoint，brittleness3polymerspolymersarefrequentlylightweightJowcostJowerstrengthJowermeltingpointandhigherchemicalreactivity1compositesitcarriesalongthesuperiorpropertiesofeachcomponent，producingaproductthatissuperiortoeitherofthecomponentsseparatelySolidsexistinthenatureintwoprinci

6、palforms:crystallineandamorphousAnelementarycellofcrystallatticeisdescribedThreesectionsa,b,andc,Threeanglesmadebyeachtwoofthesesections,a,B,andy・晶格常数latticeconstant/latticespacing:a>b、c.crystalstructure:body-centeredcubicstructure,face-centeredcubicstructure,hexagonalclose-packeds

7、tructurethepropertiesofcrystalsaredifferentinvariouscrystallographicdirections,whichareassociatedwithanorderedarrangementofatomsinspace.AdvantagesofMetalsStrongSoft:Cutting,Machining,ShapingMeltingandcastingHeatconductiveElectricconductiveLight-ReflectiveIronconsistofslagandcarbon,

8、butsteelconsistofmanyeleme