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1、MorphologyMorphology1Theformationofsentenceisgovernedbyrules,soisthestructureofwords.Forexample,wecanfindtherulegoverningtheformationoffollowingwordseasily.simpleadj.---simplifyv.qualityn.---qualifyv.falseadj.----falsifyv.identityn.---identityv.Theruleisthatallverbsareformedbyadd
2、ing–ifytoanadjornoun.Morphologyisthestudyofthesemeaning-bearingunitsandtherulesgoverningthem,thestudyofthestructureofwords.Morphology2OpenClassandClosedClasswordsInEnglishweusuallyaddsomenewwordstoalargepartofthevocabulary.Theyaremadeupofcontentwordssuchasnouns,verbs,adjectivesan
3、dadverbs.Thesecontentwordsarecalledopenclasswords.Morphology3Theotherwordssuchasconjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounsarereferredasclosedclasswords.Becausenewwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothem.Forexample,itisnoteasytothinkofnewconjunctionsthathaveenteredtheEnglishlanguagerecent
4、lyMorphology4Wordsareoftenthoughtobethesmallestunitoflanguage.Butthisisafalsenotion.Wordscanbebrokendownintoevensmallercomponents.Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaning-bearingunitoflanguage.ForExample,re-isnotaword.Butitdoescarrymeaning.Thestructuraliststriedbothtoclassifythetypesofmorph
5、emesandtorelatetheseabstractunitstotheactualwordsofspeech.Morphology5 TypesofMorphemesManywordsarethemselvesmorphemes,suchasdryandwater.Theycannotbebrokendownintosmallerunitsthatinthemselvescarrymeaning.Freemorphemecanexistasindependentwords.Butmanyotherwordsconsistofmorethanonem
6、orpheme.Theyareformedbyaddingprefixesandsuffixes.Forinstanceweuse-or,er,-fultoformalotofwords.Butthesemorphemescannotbeusedalone;Theyshouldbeattachedtoothermorphemes.Morphology6Boundmorphemeoccursonlywhenattachedtoanothermorpheme.Boundmorphemesmaybesubdividedintoderivationalandin
7、flectionalmorphemes.Aderivationalmorphemeisonethatisaddedtoaroottoformanewwordthatdiffers,usuallyinitspartofspeechclassification.Forinstance,thesuffix-en,ate,and-iccanbecalledderivationalmorphemes.Morphology7Butsomederivationalprefixesdonotchangethepartofspeechofaword.Forinstance
8、,theprefixes-inter,-tele,-multiandthesuf
