国际贸易Chapter 4 Modern Trade Theories.ppt

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1、Chapter4ModernTradeTheoriesEconomiesofScaleTheLinderTheory(TheoryofDemandPreferenceSimilarity)Intra-IndustryTradeTheoryofTechnologicalGapTheProductLife-CycleTheoryNationalCompetitiveAdvantage:Porter’sDiamond4.1EconomiesofScaleEconomiesofscalereferstothecostadvantagestha

2、tabusinessobtainsduetoexpansion.Economiesofscaleunderlieanation’scomparativeadvantagebecausetheinternationaltradepermitsthefirmtotakeadvantageoflongerproductionruns,whichleadtoincreasingefficiencyoffactorinputs.古典和新古典的国贸理论都假定产品的规模报酬不变，在以初级产品生产为主的时代，这个假定基本接近现实。但在工业生产中许多产

3、品具有规模报酬递增的特点。规模经济（规模报酬递增）：随着规模的扩大，产量的增加，每单位投入的产出会增加，产品的平均成本会下降。----内部规模经济源于企业通过自身生产规模的扩大。----外部规模经济源于行业内企业数量的增加所引起的产业规模的扩大。EconomiesofScaleasaBasisforTrade10,0008,0007,5000100200275ABCAutos(thousands)Price(dollars)ACMexico,U.S.LargermarketMoreoutputLowerunitcost规模经济下的条件

4、下的LAC4.2TheLinderTheory(TheoryofDemandPreferenceSimilarity)ThistheorywasproposedbytheSwedisheconomistStaffanLinderin1961.AccordingtoLinder,thefactor-endowmenttheoryhasconsiderableexplanatorypowerfortradebetweenprimaryproductsandmanufacturedgoods,notfortradeinmanufactur

5、edgoods.TheLindertheoryisdramaticallydifferentfromH-Omodelbecauseitisalmostexclusivelydemand-oriented.AccordingtoLinder,themainforceinfluencingmanufactured-goodtradeisdomesticdemandconditions.Nationswithsimilarpercapitaincomeswillhaveoverlappingdemandstructuresandwillli

6、kelytoconsumesimilartypesofmanufacturedgoods.4.3Intra-IndustryTrade1.Definition:Intra-industrytrade(two-waytrade)referstotheexchangeofproductsbelongingtothesameindustry.Inter-industrytrade(one-waytrade):theexchangebetweennationsofproductsofdifferentindustries.国际上行业分类是按照

7、SITC（标准国际贸易商品）分类方法。2.ReasonsforIntra-industryTradeIntra-industrytradeincludestradeinhomogeneousgoodsaswellasindifferentiatedproducts.ForHomogenousgoods:---Transportationcosts---SeasonaldifferenceFordifferentiatedproducts:---Economiesofscale---Overlappingdemand3.Indexofi

8、ntra-industrytrade1989年美国产业内贸易指数发电设备0.99办公设备0.98电器设备0.89无机化学0.88有机化学0.81医疗和医药产品0.73电子通讯设备0.53道路机械0.53钢铁0.48服装0