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1、ElizabethIofEnglandBriefindrouctionsGovernmentReligionForeignaffaircommmentElizabethI(7September1533–24March1603)wasqueenregnantofEnglandandIrelandfrom17November1558untilherdeath.SometimescalledTheVirginQueen,Gloriana,orGoodQueenBess,Elizabethwasthefi
2、fthandlastmonarchoftheTudordynasty.ThedaughterofHenryVIII,shewasbornaprincess,buthermother,AnneBoleyn,wasexecutedtwoandahalfyearsafterherbirth,andElizabethwasdeclaredillegitimate.Herhalf-brother,EdwardVI,bequeathedthecrowntoLadyJaneGrey,cuttinghishalf
3、-sistersoutofthesuccession.Hiswillwassetaside,LadyJaneGreywasexecuted,andin1558ElizabethsucceededtheCatholicMaryI,duringwhosereignshehadbeenimprisonedfornearlyayearonsuspicionofsupportingProtestantrebels.Elizabethsetouttorulebygoodcounsel,andshedepend
4、edheavilyonagroupoftrustedadvisersledbyWilliamCecil,BaronBurghley.OneofherfirstmovesasqueenwastheestablishingofanEnglishProtestantchurch,ofwhichshebecametheSupremeGovernor.ThisElizabethanReligiousSettlementlaterevolvedintotoday'sChurchofEngland.Itwase
5、xpectedthatElizabethwouldmarryandproduceanheirsoastocontinuetheTudorline.Sheneverdid,however,despitenumerouscourtships.Asshegrewolder,Elizabethbecamefamousforhervirginity,andacultgrewuparoundherwhichwascelebratedintheportraits,pageants,andliteratureof
6、theday.Ingovernment,Elizabethwasmoremoderatethanherfather,brotherandsisterhadbeen.Oneofhermottoeswas"videoettaceo"("Isee,andsaynothing").Inreligionshewasrelativelytolerant,avoidingsystematicpersecution.After1570,whenthepopedeclaredherillegitimateandre
7、leasedhersubjectsfromobediencetoher,severalconspiraciesthreatenedherlife.Allplotsweredefeated,however,withthehelpofherministers'secretservice.Elizabethwascautiousinforeignaffairs,movingbetweenthemajorpowersofFranceandSpain.Sheonlyhalf-heartedlysupport
8、edanumberofineffective,poorlyresourcedmilitarycampaignsintheNetherlands,FranceandIreland.Inthemid-1580swarwithSpaincouldnolongerbeavoided,andwhenSpainfinallydecidedtoinvadeandconquerEnglandin1588,thedefeatoftheSpanishArmadaassociatedherwithwha
