不同类型的谷类作物英文版.ppt

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1、CerealCropsMajor,minor,wildandPseudo-WheatTriticum-morethan10-20speciesdistributedthroughEasternMediterraneantoIran.TemperatecropComplexancestryandwerefirstdomesticatedintheNeareastsometimebefore7000BC.EvolutionthroughpolyploidyDiploid–T.monococcum(einkorn)Tetraploi

2、d–T.dicoccon(emmer)Hexaploid–T.aestivum(commonbreadwheatT.durum(durum,flint,hardormacaroni)WheatMostimportantarebreadanddurumwheatPrehistoriccultivarsarebeingrevivedEmmerandeinkorn–highamyloseandnotsuitableforleavenedbreadTwomainproteins-gluteninandgliadinwhichmakes

3、thedoughelasticwhenmixedwithwater.Chemistry82-94%ofthegrainisendospermStarch90%andproteins6-9%6%-embryorichinproteinsandyieldfattyoil.Chiefproteinsareglutelinsandgliadinswhichcontainallessentialaminoacidsexceptlysineandthreonine.Wholewheat–bran(pericarpandintegumant

4、s)11-15%proteins,vitBandmineralsCookingDoughmixedwithwaterandyeast.FormsglutencomplexproducesloavesYeastcarryoutfermentationandproducesCO2anddoughrises.BakingsetsthedoughbydryingthestarchdenaturingproteinsandKillingtheyeastWheatTwomajoreventsimpactedwheatproductionG

5、rowingrust(Pucciniagarminis)resistantvarietiesandModernindustrialflourmills.FloursWholeorgrahamflour:100%grain,nothingaddedorremovedBrownflour:85%grainWhiteflour:75-78%grainwithbranandgermremoved.WhiteflourhaslongershelflifethanbrownduetooilsRiceOryza–20speciesdistr

6、ibutedintropicalandsubtropicalareas,growinginhumidforestsandopenswampsOryzasativa;O.glaberima;andO.barthiiIrrigationbeganinchina;9000–12000yearsSecondmostimportantcropintermsofglobalpopulation.Usuallyassociatedwithlowincomeandpovertybutconsideredasymboloffertility1.

7、7billionpeopleuseitRiceNeedshot,moistclimateandlargequantitiesofwatertogrowwellTwotypesUplandrice–noneedofstandingwaterPaddyrice–growsinstandingwaterUnhuskedgrain–knownaspaddyRiceWhilecookinggelatinzesandcellwallruptures.Twotothreeracesindicatype–long-grain;dryandse

8、parateJaponicaorsativa–shortgrainsoftandslightlygleuyJavanica–indochina;equatorialplane,gleuyGelatinoustemperatureandamylosecontent.Higham