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1、TheUS-EUBeefHormoneDisputeBackgroundComplainant:UnitedStatesRespondent:EuropeanCommunities(EUafter)ThirdParties:Australia;Canada;NewZealand;NorwayBackgroundUseofHormonesinMeatProductionGrowth-promotinghormonesareusedwidelyinbeefproductionintheUnitedStatesandinotherm
2、eat-exportingcountries.IntheUnitedStates,hormoneshavebeenapprovedforusesincethe1950sandarenowbelievedtobeusedonapproximatelytwo-thirdsofallcattleandabout90%ofthecattleonfeedlots.BackgroundTheEUBeefHormoneBanTheEuropeanCommission(EC)enacteditsbanonboththeproductionan
3、dimportationofmeatderivedfromanimalstreatedwithgrowth-promotinghormonesintheearly1980sand1990s,justifieditsbanasnecessarytoprotectconsumerhealthandsafetyHormoneDisputeintheWTOInresponsetotheEU’sinitialbanonhormone-treatedmeatinthe1980s,theUnitedStatesfirstinvokedGAT
4、Tdisputesettlementin1986-1987undertheTokyoRound’sTechnicalBarrierstoTradeAgreement,andalsothreatenedtoimplementretaliatorytariffsonselectedEUimports.ThisactiondelayedfullimplementationoftheEUbanuntilJanuary1,1989.Oncethebanwasimplemented,theUnitedStatesinstitutedret
5、aliatorytariffs(100%advalorem)onEUimportsvaluedat$93million,whichstayedineffectuntilMay1996.Earlierin1996,boththeUnitedStatesandtheEUhadrequestedWTOconsultationsinanattempttoresolvethedispute.HormoneDisputeintheWTOInApril1996,theUnitedStatesrequestedaWTOdisputesettl
6、ementpanelcaseagainsttheEU,claimingthatthebanisinconsistentwiththeEU’sWTOobligationsundertheSPSAgreement.Australia,Canada,andNewZealandjoinedtheUnitedStatesinthecomplaint.TheEUmaintainedtheban,andissuedupdatestoitslawconfirmingandextendingtheprohibitionsSPS2,3,5TBT2
7、GATT1,3AgriculturalProductsagreement4HormoneDisputeintheWTOInAugust1997,theWTOdisputesettlementpanelreleaseditsreportagreeingwiththeUnitedStatesthatthebanviolatedseveralprovisionsoftheSPSAgreement.Specifically,theEUbanwasfoundtoviolateSPSrequirementsthatsuchmeasures
8、:bebasedoninternationalstandards,guidelinesorrecommendations(Article3.1);bebasedonariskassessmentandtakeintoaccountriskassessmenttechnique