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1、TheUS-EUBeefHormoneDisputeBackgroundComplainant:UnitedStatesRespondent:EuropeanCommunities(EUafter)ThirdParties:Australia;Canada;NewZealand;NorwayBackgroundUseofHormonesinMeatProductionGrowth-promotinghormonesareusedwidelyinbeefproductionintheUnitedSta
2、tesandinothermeat-exportingcountries.IntheUnitedStates,hormoneshavebeenapprovedforusesincethe1950sandarenowbelievedtobeusedonapproximatelytwo-thirdsofallcattleandabout90%ofthecattleonfeedlots.BackgroundTheEUBeefHormoneBanTheEuropeanCommission(EC)enacte
3、ditsbanonboththeproductionandimportationofmeatderivedfromanimalstreatedwithgrowth-promotinghormonesintheearly1980sand1990s,justifieditsbanasnecessarytoprotectconsumerhealthandsafetyHormoneDisputeintheWTOInresponsetotheEU’sinitialbanonhormone-treatedmea
4、tinthe1980s,theUnitedStatesfirstinvokedGATTdisputesettlementin1986-1987undertheTokyoRound’sTechnicalBarrierstoTradeAgreement,andalsothreatenedtoimplementretaliatorytariffsonselectedEUimports.ThisactiondelayedfullimplementationoftheEUbanuntilJanuary1,19
5、89.Oncethebanwasimplemented,theUnitedStatesinstitutedretaliatorytariffs(100%advalorem)onEUimportsvaluedat$93million,whichstayedineffectuntilMay1996.Earlierin1996,boththeUnitedStatesandtheEUhadrequestedWTOconsultationsinanattempttoresolvethedispute.Horm
6、oneDisputeintheWTOInApril1996,theUnitedStatesrequestedaWTOdisputesettlementpanelcaseagainsttheEU,claimingthatthebanisinconsistentwiththeEU’sWTOobligationsundertheSPSAgreement.Australia,Canada,andNewZealandjoinedtheUnitedStatesinthecomplaint.TheEUmainta
7、inedtheban,andissuedupdatestoitslawconfirmingandextendingtheprohibitionsSPS2,3,5TBT2GATT1,3AgriculturalProductsagreement4HormoneDisputeintheWTOInAugust1997,theWTOdisputesettlementpanelreleaseditsreportagreeingwiththeUnitedStatesthatthebanviolatedsevera
8、lprovisionsoftheSPSAgreement.Specifically,theEUbanwasfoundtoviolateSPSrequirementsthatsuchmeasures:bebasedoninternationalstandards,guidelinesorrecommendations(Article3.1);bebasedonariskassessmentandtakeintoaccountriskassessmenttechnique
