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1、Unit1AboutsocialsecuritySocialsecurity:afundamentalrightThedevelopmentofsocialsecurityprogrammesandsystemsisoneofthemostsignificantsocialpolicyachievementsofthe20thcentury・Nonetheless,theenhancementandextensionofsocialsecuritywillremainmajorchallengesforthedecadestocome・Whatis
2、socialsecurity?Socialsecuritymaybedefinedasanyprogrammeofsocialprotectionestablishedbylegislation,oranyothermandatoryarrangement,thatprovidesindividualswithadegreeofincomesecuritywhenfacedwiththecontingenciesofoldage,survivorship,incapacity,disability,unemploymentorrearingchil
3、dren.Itmayalsoofferaccesstocurativeorpreventivemedicalcare.AsdefinedbytheInternationalSocialSecurityAssociation,socialsecuritycanincludesocialinsuranceprogrammes,socialassistanceprogrammes,universalprogrammes,mutualbenefitschemes,nationalprovidentfunds,andotheraiTangementsincl
4、udingmarket-orientedapproachesthat,inaccordancewithnationallaworpractice,formpartofacountry'ssocialsecuritysystem.AuniversalrightThefirstsocialsecurityprogrammesbasedoncompulsoryinsurancewereestablishedinEuropeinthelate-19thcentury.Itwasduringthe20thcentury,however,thatnationa
5、lsocialsecurityprogrammesdevelopedmorewidelyaroundtheglobe,notleastasaresultofdecolonisationandtheinstitutionofnewindependentstatesafterWorldWarTwo.Thedevelopmentofsocialsecurityhasalsobeensupportedbyvariousinternationalconventionsandinstruments,andtherecognitionofsocialsecuri
6、tyasabasichumanrightwasenshrinedinthe1948UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.Inafewcountries,forexampleGermanyandBrazil,socialsecurityisarightguaranteedbytheConstitution.Today,mostcountrieshavesometypeofsocialsecuritysystem.Worldwide,themostcommontypeofprogrammeisforold-age,disa
7、bility,andsurvivors'pensions,followedbyprogrammesforbenefitsforworkinjuriesandoccupationaldiseases,sicknessandmaternity,familyallowancesandunemployment.LimitedaccessAccordingtoavailableestimates,around50percentoftheglobalpopulationhasaccesstosomeformofsocialsecurity,whileonly2
8、0percentenjoyadequatesocialsecuritycoverage・Theneedtoextendco
