语言学分支介绍.ppt

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1、InvitationstoLinguisticsLanguageLinguisticsDesignfeaturesFunctionsofLanguageBranchesofLinguisticsImportantdistinctionsinLinguisticsInvitationstoLinguisticsDesignfeatures:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.

2、Function:therolelanguageplaysincommunicationorinparticularsocialsituations.DesignFeaturesArbitrariness:theabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiestowhichtheyrefer.Duality:thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:meaningfulunitsan

3、dmeaninglesssegments.Displacement:theabilityoflanguagetorefertocontextsremovedfromthespeaker’simmediatesituation.FunctionsofLanguagePhaticcommunion:saidoftalkusedtoestablishatmosphereormaintainsocialcontact.Metalanguage:alanguageusedfortalkingaboutlanguage.DistinctionsinLingui

4、sticsSynchroniclinguistics:thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.Diachroniclinguistics:thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.DistinctionsinLinguisticsPrescriptive:tomakeau

5、thoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectnessofaparticularuseoflanguage.Descriptive:tomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountofthepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.DistinctionsinLinguisticsLangue:theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.Parole:theconcreteutteranc

6、esofaspeaker.DistinctionsinLinguisticsLanguagecompetence:theidealuser’sknowledgeofrulesofhislanguage,thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswordsanditsgrammaticalrules.Atransformational–generativegrammarisamodeloflanguagecompetence.Languageperformance:thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleins

7、peakingorwriting.SpeechSoundsPhoneticsPhonologyDescriptionandclassificationofconsonantsandvowelsBasicconcepts:phone,phoneme,allophonePhonologicalprocesses:assimilationSuprasegmentals:syllable,stress,intonation,tonePhoneticsPhonetics:thestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmi

8、tted,andperceived.Itcanbedividedintothreemainareasofstudyarti