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1、ThestructureandfunctionofcommunicationinsocietyHaroldD.LasswellTheactofcommunicationConvenientwaytodescribeanactofcommunicationistoanswerthefollowingquestions:WhoSaysWhatInWhichChannelToWhomWithWhatEffect?Thescientificstudyoftheprocessofcommunicationtendstoconcentrateupon
2、oneoranotherofthesequestions.Scholarswhostudythe"who,"thecommunicator,lookintothefactorsthatinitiateandguidetheactofcommunication.Wecallthissubdivisionofthefieldofresearchcontrolanalysis.Specialistswhofocusuponthe"sayswhat"engageincontentanalysis.Thosewholookprimarilyatth
3、eradio,press,film,andotherchannelsofcommunicationaredoingmediaanalysis(p.84).Whentheprincipalconcerniswiththepersonsreachedbythemedia,wespeakofaudienceanalysis.Ifthequestionistheimpactuponaudiences,theproblemiseffectanalysis.Whethersuchdistinctionsareusefuldependsentirely
4、uponthedegreeofrefinementwhichisregardedasappropriatetoagivenscientificandmanagerialobjective.Oftenitissimplertocombineaudienceandeffectanalysis,forinstance,thantokeepthemapart.Ontheotherhand,wemaywanttoconcentrateontheanalysisofcontent,andforthispurposesubdividethefieldi
5、ntothestudyofpurportandstyle,thefirstreferringtothemessage,andthesecondtothearrangementoftheelementsofwhichthemessageiscomposed.StructureandfunctionEnticingasitistoworkoutthesecategoriesinmoredetail,thepresentdiscussionhasadifferentscope.Wearelessinterestedindividingupthe
6、actofcommunicationthaninviewingtheactasawholeinrelationtotheentiresocialprocess.Anyprocesscanbeexaminedintwoframesofreference,namely,structureandfunction;andouranalysisofcommunicationwilldealwiththespecializationsthatcarryoncertainfunctions,ofwhichthefollowingmaybeclearly
7、distinguished:(i)thesurveillanceoftheenvironment;(2)thecorrelationofthepartsofsocietyinrespondingtothe11environment;(3)thetransmissionofthesocialheritagefromonegenerationtothenext.BiologicalequivalencesAttheriskofcallingupfalseanalogies,wecangainperspectiveonhumansocietie
8、swhenwenotethedegreetowhichcommunicationisafeatureoflifeateverylevel.Avitalentity,whetherrelativ
