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1、4ThestructureandfunctionofcommunicationinsocietyHaroldD.LasswellTheactofcommunicationConvenientwaytodescribeanactofcommunicationistoanswerthefollowingquestions:WhoSaysWhatInWhichChannelToWhomWithWhatEffect?Thescientificstudyoftheprocessofcommunicationtendstoconcentrateuponon
2、eoranotherofthesequestions.ScholarswhostudytheHwho,nthecommunicator,lookintothefactorsthatinitiateandguidetheactofcommunication・Wecallthissubdivision（分支）ofthefieldofresearchcontrolanalysis.Specialistswhofocusuponthensayswhatnengageincontentanalysis・Thosewholookprimarilyatthe
3、radio,press,film,andotherchannelsofcommunicationaredoingmediaanalysis（p.84）.Whentheprincipal（主要的，首要的）concerniswiththepersonsreachedbythemedia,wespeakofaudienceanalysis・Ifthequestionistheimpactuponaudiences,theproblemiseffectanalysis・Whethersuchdistinctionsareusefuldependsent
4、irelyuponthedegreeofrefinementwhichisregardedasappropriatetoagivenscientificandmanagerialobjective・Oftenitissimplertocombineaudienceandeffectanalysis,forinstance,thantokeepthemapart.Ontheotherhand,wemaywanttoconcentrateontheanalysisofcontent,andforthispurposesubdividethefiel
5、dintothestudyofpurport（涵义，意义）andstyle,thefirstreferringtothemessage,andthesecondtothearrangementoftheelementsofwhichthemessageiscomposed・StructureandfunctionEnticing（诱人的，迷人的）asitistoworkoutthesecategoriesinmoredetail,thepresentdiscussionhasadifferentscope・Wearelessinterested
6、individinguptheactofcommunicationthaninviewingtheactasawholeinrelationtotheentiresocialprocess・Anyprocesscanbeexaminedintwoframesofreference,namely,structureandfunction;andouranalysisofcommunicationwilldealwiththespecializationsthatcarryoncertainfunctions,ofwhichthefollowing
7、maybeclearlydistinguished:（i）thesurveillanceoftheenvironment;（2）thecorrelation（关联）ofthepartsofsocietyinrespondingtotheenvironment;（3）thetransmissionofthesocialheritagefromonegenerationtothenext.Biologicalequivalences（类似）Attheriskofcallingupfalseanalogies（类比）,wecangainperspec
8、tiveonhumansocietieswhenwenotethedegreetowhichcommunicationisafeatureoflife
