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1、Chapter3MorphologyLexicon(心理词汇)Referstoallthewordsormentalwordsthataspeakerknows（storesinthespeaker’smentaldictionary).MorphologyMorphology(形态学)referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.（英语词语构成和结构的规则）Morphologyisconcernedwithwordformationandwo
2、rdstructure.Openclasswords(开放性词类)Closedclasswords(封闭类词类)OpenclasswordOpenclasswords----contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs.e.g.beatnik(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),hacker,email,internet,“做秀，时装秀…”inChinese.closedclasswords
3、Closedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunctions,articles,prepositionsandpronouns.Morphemetheminimal(smallest)unitofmeaning;Amorphemeisameaningandastretchofsoundjoinedtogether.Morphemesareusuallyarbitrary.Morpheme--theminimalunitofmeaning---Wordsarecomposedofm
4、orphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes.e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismFreem
5、orpheme&boundmorphemeFreemorpheme(自由词素)----isonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,etc.Boundmorpheme(粘着词素)----isonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“r
6、ecorded”,etc.Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,etc.Inotherinstances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme,thepluralmorphememayberepresentedby:map----maps[s]dog----dogs[
7、z]watch----watches[iz]mouse----mice[ai]ox----oxen[n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.Allomorph（词素变体）Affix（词缀）Prefix（前缀）----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers.e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.Suffix（后缀）----morphemesthatoccuronlyafter
8、others,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion
