研究生精读[下册]supplementary reading.ppt

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1、Ⅰ.SupplementaryReadingⅡ.QuestionsSupplementaryReadingMenuSupplementaryReadingDoingScience[1]Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeoplebelieve,however,thatourprogressdependsontwoaspectsofscience.Thefirstofwhichistheapplicationofthemachines,productsandsyste

2、msofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Throughtechnology,scienceimprovesthestructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasingcontroloverhisenvironment.Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizen,ofthespecialmethodsofthought

3、andactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork.MenuSupplementaryReading[2]Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimals,andindoingsoensuredtheirsurvival,bytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.Theprocessofca

4、refulobservation,perceptionofapatterninthephenomenaobserved,followedbyexploitationofthisknowledge,haslargelyinspiredtheareaofhumanactivityknownas“science.”Ithasalsoprovidedthebasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience:objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomena,theformulationofahypoth

5、esisorhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthem,theuseofthesetopredictfutureevents,theverificationofthehypothesesand,onthisbasis,theconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity.MenuSupplementaryReading[3]Whilethisprocessstillunderliesmostscientificactivity,thecla

6、ssic“scientificmethod”hasbeencriticizedfromavarietyofperspectives.Tobeginwith,itisapparentthatthe“objectivity”ofscienceandscientistsstrictlycharacterizesonlythelowestorderofscientificactivity—observation.Evenhereitisdoubtfulwhetheranyonecanbeatrulyimpartialobserverofevents.Whatsomeonechoose

7、stoobserveandthewayoneobservesitmust,afterall,inpartbeareflectionofexperienceandofideasastowhatissignificant.Consider,forexample,thedifferentwaysinwhichanartistandalaymanlookatapaintingandthedifferentreactionstheyhavetothesamework.MenuSupplementaryReadin