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1、Diction:FiguresofSpeechByfiguresofspeechwereferheretothoserhetoricaldevicestermedtropesinclassicalrhetoric.Tropeshavetodowiththewaywordsaremadetomeanotherthanwhattheywouldnormallyimply,andthereforeinvolvedeviationfromtheordinaryandliteralmeaningofwords.Theyarewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative・
2、Wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfigurativelywhenweusewordsinnon-literalsensestolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreateatmosphere.Forexample,itismorevividandcolorfultosaythatstars“twinklinglikediamonds"inthesky,thantosaysimplythatthey“shinebrightly55inthesky.Similarly,"Imperialismisapaperti
3、ger”isanexpressionmoresuggestiveofoutwardferocityandinnerweaknessthantheliteralstatement"Imperialismappearstobestrongbutinwardlyitisweak：Likeadiamondisasimile,andpapertigerisametaphor,andwithmetonymy,hyperbole,personification,paradoxtheymakeupascoreormoreoffiguresofspeechmostcommonlyusedtoday.
4、Eachfigurehasitsownformandcharacteristics,anditsownwayofachievingeffect.Sometimestwoormorefigurescanbeusedtogetherforgreaterimpact.Atonetime,overuseofthesefiguresinspeechorwritinggavethemabadreputation.Theybecameassociatedwith"artifice"and"ornamentation^andevenwithverbalhypocrisy.Thefault,alas
5、,laymorewiththeusersthanthefiguresthemselves.Inrecenttimes,therehasbeenarenewalofinterestinthesefigures,andtheirvalueinexpressiveandpersuasivecommunicationisbeingincreasinglyrecognized・Atonetime,too,figuresofspeechweremainlyassociatedwithpoetryandpoeticwriting,wheretheystillaremostlavishlyused
6、.Butnowtheycanbefoundinanyformofwriting■一prose,drama,scientificandothernon-literarywriting,andinadvertisements・Infact,effectivewritingofanykindisseldomwithoutafigureortwo.Aknowledgeofthesefigures,andofhowtheyarebestusedwill,therefore,beofhelptousnotonlyindeepeningourunderstandingofwhatweread,b
7、uralsoinappreciatingmorefullythefinerpointsofawriter'sstyle.Intheprocess,wemightevenlearntowritebetterourselves.Itisdifficulttobepreciseabouthowmanyfiguresexistedinclassicaltimes.Thenumbersrangefrom65to200ormore・Manyofthesefigures,howev
