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1、OutingA.I.:BeyondtheTuringTestTheideaofmeasuringA.I.byitsabilityto“pass”asahuman–dramatizedincountlessscififilms–isactuallyasoldasmodernA.I.researchitself.Itistraceableatleastto1950whentheBritishmathematicianAlanTuringpublished“ComputingMachineryandIntelligence,”apaperinwhichhedesc
2、ribedwhatwenowcallthe“TuringTest,”andwhichhereferredtoasthe“imitationgame.”Therearedifferentversionsofthetest,allofwhicharerevealingastowhyourapproachtothecultureandethicsofA.I.iswhatitis,forgoodandbad.Forthemostfamiliarversion,ahumaninterrogatorasksquestionsoftwohiddencontestants,
3、oneahumanandtheotheracomputer.Turingsuggeststhatiftheinterrogatorusuallycannottellwhichiswhich,andifthecomputercansuccessfullypassashuman,thencanwenotconclude,forpracticalpurposes,thatthecomputeris“intelligent”?Morepeople“know”Turing’sfoundationaltextthanhaveactuallyreadit.Thisisun
4、fortunatebecausethetextismarvelous,strangeandsurprising.Turingintroduceshistestasavariationonapopularparlorgameinwhichtwohiddencontestants,awoman(playerA)andaman(playerB)trytoconvinceathirdthatheorsheisawomanbytheirwrittenresponsestoleadingquestions.Towin,oneoftheplayersmustconvinc
5、inglybewhotheyreallyare,whereastheothermusttrytopassasanothergender.Turingdescribeshisownvariationasonewhere“acomputertakestheplaceofplayerA,”andsoaliteralreadingwouldsuggestthatinhisversionthecomputerisnotjustpretendingtobeahuman,butpretendingtobeawoman.Itmustpassasashe.Passingasa
6、personcomesdowntowhatothersseeandinterpret.Becauseeveryoneelseisalreadywillingtoreadothersaccordingtoconventionalcues(ofrace,sex,gender,species,etc.)thecomplicitybetweenwhoever(orwhatever)ispassingandthoseamongwhichheorsheoritperformsiswhatallowspassingtosucceed.WhetherornotanA.I.i
7、stryingtopassasahumanorismerelyindragasahumanisanothermatter.Istherusealljustagameor,asforsomepeoplewhoarecompelledtopassintheirdailylives,anessentialcamouflage?Eitherway,“passing”maysaymoreabouttheaudiencethanabouttheperformers.ThatwewouldwishtodefinetheveryexistenceofA.I.inrelati
8、ontoitsabilitytomimichowhu
