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1、fundamentalprinciples基本原理evaporation蒸发blackbody黑体emptyspace真空区concentration浓缩visiblelightnJ'见光radiation辐射distillate憾出液acetonitrile已睛precipitation定cation阳离子hydroxide氢氧化物chromatography层析recrystallization重结晶sublimation升华physisorption物理吸附activatedcarbon活性炭hydrophilic亲水性heatexcha

2、nger换热器fractionatingcolumn精懈柱/塔volatilities挥发性tray塔板supernate上清液azeotropicdistillation共沸蒸supersaturated过饱和的silverchloride氯化银ionicreaction离了反应pharmaceutical制药的batchoperation间歇操作Freeze-drying冷冻干燥Separationprocess分离过程crystallization结晶Filtration过滤homogeneous均相的condensation7令凝the

3、rmodynamics热力学的liquefaction液化copper铜separation分离laminarflow湍流convection对•流conduction传导phononvibration声子振动condensation冷凝thermodynamicsprocesses热力学过程elasticimpact弹性碰撞thermalenergy热自呂buoyancyforces浮力1.Heatconductionisdirectlyanalogoustodiffusionofparticlesintoafluid,inthesituat

4、ionwheretherearcnofluidcurrents・Thistypeofheatdiffusiondiffersfrommassdiffusioninbehavior,onlyinasmuchasitcanoccurinsolids,whereasmassdiffusionismostlylimitedtofluids.2.Insteadystateconduction,theamountofheatenteringasectionisequaltoamountofheatcomingout.Inthisconduction,all

5、thelawsofdirectcurrentelectricalconductioncanbeappliedto"heatcurrents^.Insuchcases,itispossibletotake"thermalresistancesastheanalogtoelectricalresistances.Temperatureplaystheroleofvoltageandheattransferredistheanalogofelectricalcurrent.3.Conductionisthetransferofheatbydirect

6、contactofparticlesofmatter.Thetransferofenergycouldbeprimarilybyelasticimpactasinfluidsorbyfreeelectrondiffusionaspredominantinmetalsorphononvibrationaspredominantininsulators.Inotherwords,heatistransferredbyconductionwhenadjacentatomsvibrateagainstoneanother,oraselectronsmo

7、vefromatomtoatom.Conductionisgreaterinsolids,whereatomsareinconstantcontact.Inliquids(exceptliquidmetals)andgases,themoleculesareusuallyfurtherapart,givingalowerchanceofmoleculescollidingandpassingonthermalenergy.4、Fractionaldistillationisoneoftheunitoperationsofchemicalengi

8、neering.Fractionatingcolumnsarewidelyusedinthechemicalprocessindustrieswher