the attributive clause

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定语从句句子中修饰名词或代词的成分称为定语。它可以由单词或短语来充当。abeautifulflower单词作定语放在所修饰的名词之前astudentofourclass短语作定语放在所修饰的名词之后如果修饰名词或代词的不是单词也不是短语，而是一个句子，这个句子就是定语从句。Tomisthestudentwhowearsablueshirt.Abookwormisapersonwholikesreadingverymuch. Tomisthestudentwhowearsablueshirt.Abookwormisapersonwholikesreadingverymuch.先行词关系代词先行词关系代词引导定语从句的连词分两类：关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that，as关系副词when,where,why 一、关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that，as用法:1)   who--指人,在从句中代替先行词作主语。Thisisthemanwhogaveusareportyesterday.Thegirlwhoissittingthereisourclassmate.2)  whom--指人，在从句中代替先行词作宾语。whom可省略。Theboy(whom)theP.L.Asavedisourclassmate.ThewomanwhomtheteacherspoketoisWang’smother. 3)   whose--指人或物,在从句中代替先行词作定。IsthereanyonewhosenameisWangPinginyourclass?(thenameofwhom)AfterclasswewillhelpAuntLiwhosesonisaP.L.A.(thesonofwhom)Thehousewhosewindowsfacesouthwasburntdown.(thewindowsofwhich)Theywenttothevillagewhoseriverwaspolluted.(theriverofwhich)4)  which-----指物，在从句中代替先行词作主、宾(作宾语时可省略)HereisthebookwhichisabouttheLongMarch.Theradio(which)myfathergavemeisveryexpensive.. 5）that-指人或物，在从句中代替先行词作主、宾。(作宾语时可省略)上述例句中的who/whom/which均可换成that6）as在引导定语从句时，既可以代替主句中的某一名词，也可以代替整个句子，在定语从句中用来作主语、宾语或表语，但在大多数情况下用于词组或句型中：①the same…as, the same as结构中，如：He is notthe sameboyas he was.I feel justthe sameas you do.②     such…as…结构中，如：Let’s discuss only such questionsas we have to deal with at present.我们只谈目前必须解决的那些问题。Suchstampsasyouhavecollectedareveryvaluable.TheycouldonlyreadsuchstoriesashadbeenrewritteninsimpleEnglish. 须注意的是：在“one of +复数名词”结构中，关系代词引导的从句中的谓语动词一般与复数相一致，但如果有the only, the exact等修饰one时，谓语动词用单数。如：This is one of the most interestingquestionsthathave been asked.This istheonlyoneof the most interestingquestionsthat hasbeen askedShe isthe only oneof thegirlswho studies hard.She is one of thegirlswho study hard. 当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不能用how来引导，应该用that或in which,或不用。如：I don’t like the way(that/in which)you treat him.Hedidn’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youtalktohim. 指物时，引导定语从句的that和which可互换，但在下列情况下，只能用that。1当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few, some, one等不定代词时，定语从句只用that引导。如：Our teacher has told us somethingthat we should do in the summer vacation.Is there anythingthat I can do for you?There is not much/nothingthat can be done now.Allthat he lacksis practice. 2当先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等限定词所修饰时，定语从句常用that引导，如：I have read all the booksthat you gave me.There is no personthat does not make mistakes.3当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导，如：This is the best novelthat I have ever read.The first thingthat I am going to dois to write tomy friend.This is one of the most interesting filmsthat I haveever seen. 4当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，定语从句一般用that引导，不用which,如：The last placethat we visitedwas the factory.This is the very bookthat I want to look for.5当既有人又有物时，关系代词常用that.如：He talked about the teachers and schoolsthat hehad visited.The scientist and his achievementthat you told meaboutare admired by all of us.Look at the man and his donkeythat are walkingup the street. 6主语是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句只能用that引导。如：Who is the personthat is standing at the door?Which is the waythat he told us to go?7当定语从句为there be句型时，关系代词只能是that，但经常可以省略。如：I know the difference(that) there is between you.The number of mistakes(that) there are in hishomework is surprising. 二、关系副词when,where,why用法:1)when指时间，在定语从句中代替先行词作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenNanjingwasliberated.IstillrememberthedayonwhichNanjingwasliberated.Thehourwhenyouarrivedwasfourp.m.Thehouratwhichyouarrivedwasfourp.m. 2）where指地点，在从句中代替先行词作地点状语ThisisthehousewhereLuXuneverlived.ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXuneverlivedThisisthegardenwherechildrencanplay.Thisisthegardeninwhichchildrencanplay.IlikethechairwhereIcansit.IlikethechaironwhichIcansit. 3）why指原因,在定语从句中代替先行词作原因状语。Thereasonwhyhechangedhismindisnotclear.Thereasonforwhichhechangedhismindisnotclear.Thisisthereasonwhyhewassolate.Thisisthereasonforwhichhewassolate.ThisisthereasonwhyIdislikehim.ThisisthereasonforwhichIdislikehim. 4）that可用作关系副词代替when修饰表示时间的名词如day,time,moment等。如：Iarrivedheretheday(when/that)heleft.October1,1949wasthedaywhen/thatthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Heworkedhardthewholetime(when/that)helivedhere.Hehurriedintotheairportthemoment(when/that)theplanewasabouttotakeoff.Hewenthuntinginthemountainsmostofthetime(when/that)hehadhisholidayshere. 注意：先行词是时间，关系副词不一定是when先行词是地点，关系副词不一定是where先行词是原因，关系副词不一定是whyThisisthehousewherehelivedlastyear.Thisisthehouse(that/which)hevisitedlastyear.IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.Istillremembertheday(that/which)IspentinBeijing.Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyouarelate.Pleasetellmethereason(which/that)hetoldyou. 三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语1)限制性定语从句：在意思上与先行词关系密切，不可去掉，否则主句意思含糊不清。书写时主句和从句之间不用逗号分开，翻译时，常可将定语从句译在所修饰的词前面。ThetrainwhichhasjustleftisforBeijing.ThisisthebestfilmIhaveseen. 2)非限制性定语从句：在意思上与先行词关系并不密切。只是对先行词作附加说明。即使删去从句，主句的意思仍然完整。书写时，常用逗号与主句分开，翻译时常可将定语从句与主句分开翻译。WangPing’sfather,whoisamanager,wenttoShanghaionbusiness.Theearthisaball,onwhichwelive.Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.Inmyroomthereisasofa,whereIsometimesliedowntorest.Thatday,whenitwasSunday,ismybirthday. 注意：as,which都可引导非限定定语从句，代替整个主句⑴但as引导的从句可放在主句前，也可放在主句后。而which引导的从句，只能放在主句后。⑵as有“正如”，“就象”之意，而which则没有。Asweallknow,hestudiesveryhard.Hewasaforeigner,as/whichIknewfromhisaccent.Asyousaidyesterday,hedidn’tcometoseeme.Hepretendednottoseeme,whichmademeveryangry.He is a teacher,which/as is known to all.As is known to all, he is a teacher. 注意：用which不用that/who的情况1在非限制性定语从句中不能用关系代词that,指人用who,whom,指物用which。且不能省略1）Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he2）Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it3）Theman,____carriedabookinhishand,preventedmefromgoingtothepark..A.thatB.whoC.asD.it 4）Thewoman,___youtalkedabout,camein.A.herB.thatC.whoD.whom2prep+which/whom引导的定语从句。不能用关系代词thatThemanagerofwhomyouhaveoftenheardwillseeyounextFriday.Themanager(that/whom/who)youhaveoftenheardofwillseeyounextFriday.ThemantowhomyouspokeismyEnglishteacher.Theman(that/whom/who)youspoketoismyEnglishteacher. IlostthepenwithwhichIhadwrittenseveralnovels.TheboytowhomMikeisspeakingismyclassmate.Ilostthepen(that/which)Ihadwrittenseveralnovelswith.Theboy(that/whom)Mikeisspeakingtoismyclassmate. 注意：介词的选择1）根据动词、形容词的固定搭配确定。Thepencil-boxonwhichIspent10yuanislost.ThetwothingsofwhichMarxwasnotsureweregrammarandsomeoftheidioms.2）根据意思表达确定。Thegaswithwhichdoctorscansavethepatientsiscalledoxygen.Thegaswithoutwhichwecouldnotliveiscalledoxygen.ThisisthedrawerinwhichIputmypapers 注意：当定语从句中的谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，不可把短语动词的各个部分拆开，也就是说不能将介词提前。Isthisthebook(which/that)youarelookingfor.√Isthisthebookforwhichyouarelooking.×Theboy(that/whom)mymotherislookingafterisverynoisy.√Theboyafterwhommymotherislookingisverynoisy× 定语从句使用时易犯的错误由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往易犯一些错误。最常见的有下列四种：1在定语从句中用了多余的宾语。如：误：SomeoftheboysIinvitedthemdidn’tcome.正：SomeoftheboysIinviteddidn’tcome.我邀请的男生中有几个没有来。误：Isthisthehorseyoudrewityesterday?正：Isthisthehorseyoudrewyesterday?这就是你昨天画的马吗？ 2把定语从句谓语动词单、复数形式用错。如：误：Thosewhohasfinishedmayleavetheclassroom.正：Thosewhohavefinishedmayleavetheclassroom.做完了的同学可以离开教室。误：ThisisoneoftheriversinChinawhichflowsnorthward.正：ThisisoneoftheriversinChinawhichflownorthward.这是中国境内向北流的河流之一。误：Heistheoneoftheboyswhoaretoattendthemeeting.正：Heistheoneoftheboyswhoistoattendthemeeting.他是那些男孩中的一个，要去参加会议。 3省略了定语从句中不能省去的做主语的关系代词。误：Childreneatalotofsugaroftengetbadteeth.正：Childrenwho/thateatalotofsugaroftengetbadteeth.吃大量糖的儿童常患牙病。误：Thekeyopenstheroomismissing.正：Thekeywhich/thatopenstheroomismissing.开那房间的钥匙找不到了。误：Hewenttoafriendknewalotaboutmoneymatters.正：Hewenttoafriendwhoknewalotaboutmoneymatters.他去找了一位了解金融知识的朋友。 4定语从句中使用了多余的介词。如：误：Thehousewherehelivesinneedsrepairing.正：Thehousewherehelivesneedsrepairing.或：Thehouseinwhichhelivesneedsrepairing.误：Thisisthetimeatwhenheismorelikelytobein.正：Thisisthetimewhenheismorelikelytobein.或：Thisisthetimeatwhichheismorelikelytobein.误：DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagoonwhenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?正：DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?或：DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagoonwhichIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace? 注意：判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面要宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：（错）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.（错）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.（对）Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.（对）I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside. 2方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone变为肯定句：Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld. ----Whatabeautifulplace!----Thisisthepark____thebest.A.whereIlikeB.thatIlikeC.whatIlikeD.IlikeitBExercises 2.____holdthespecialcardwillbefreeofchargeforthisbook.A.PeopleB.ThosepeopleC.ThoseonesD.ThosewhoD 3.Thedays____Ispentinthecountrysideinmychildhoodwasthehappiesttime____Ihadeverhadinmylife.A.when;whenB.where;thatC.that;whichD.that;thatD 4.Thesecondbook____IwanttoreadisTravelsinChinabyRewiAlley.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.asC