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1、外文翻译Inter-industryWageDifferencesandIndividualHeterogeneityMaterialSource:OxfordBulletinofEconomics&StatisticsVol.66Issue5,Dec2004,p811-817Author:Carruth,Alan；Collier,William；Dickerson,AndyAmajorempiricalregularityintheliteratureontheanalysisofwagestructureistheexistenceoflargeandpersistentinter-
2、industrywagedifferentialsforworkersofequalqualityinequivalentoccupations(DickensandKatz,1987;KruegerandSummers,1987,1988;KatzandSummers,1989).Thesedifferentialsexhibitahighdegreeofstabilityovertimeandappeartoholdacrossavarietyofcountrieswithdistinctinstitutionalandstructuralarrangements(Gittleman
3、andWolff,1993;Kahn,1998).Theyalsopersistacrossdifferenttypesofworkersandestablishmentsize.Suchdisparitiesaredifficulttoexplainfullybythedistributionofhumancapitalaccumulationacrossindustriesorbycompensatingdifferentialsfornon-pecuniaryjobattributesaffectingtheutilityofworkers.Theirpersistenceisal
4、soinconsistentwiththenotionoftransitorydisequilibriumphenomenabroughtaboutbyadjustmentstolaboursupplyordemandinthepresenceofimperfectshort-runlabourmobility.Accordingly,anumberofnon-competitiveexplanationshavebeenproposed.Instandardhumancapitaltheory,itisarguedthatjobattributesthatdonotdirectlyaf
5、fecttheutilityofworkersshouldhavenoeffectonthedeterminationofindividualwages.Incontrast,non-competitivetheoriesofwagedeterminationpositthatsuchattributescanhaveasystematiceffectonwagesbecausetheyinfluencetheoptimalwageforfirmstoset.Thepurposeofthesetheoriesistodeterminewhyfirmsmayfinditprofitable
6、(andareable)topaywageshigherthanthemarket-clearingrate.Inaddition,suchexplanationsmustalsoexplainwhytheimportanceofsuchfactorsdiffersbyindustry.Anumberofpossibilitieshavebeensuggested.Efficiencywagemodelsembodytheneedforhighwagestoelicitworkereffort(Weiss,1980;Akerlof,1984;ShapiroandStiglitz,1984
7、;Stiglitz,1985).Unionthreatmodels(Dickens,1986)underlinethethreatofcollectiveaction,whilstinsider–outsidermodels(Solow,1985;LindbeckandSnower,1986)stresstheincumbentpowerofemployeeswhenbargainingforashareofindustryrent
