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1、外文翻译原文Inter-industryWageDifferencesandIndividualHeterogeneityMaterialSource:OxfordBulletinofEconomics&StatisticsVol.66Issue5,Dec2004,p811-817Author:Carruth,Alan；Collier,William；Dickerson,AndyAmajorempiricalregularityintheliteratureontheanalysisofwagestructureisthee
2、xistenceoflargeandpersistentinter-industrywagedifferentialsforworkersofequalqualityinequivalentoccupations(DickensandKatz,1987;KruegerandSummers,1987,1988;KatzandSummers,1989).Thesedifferentialsexhibitahighdegreeofstabilityovertimeandappeartoholdacrossavarietyofcou
3、ntrieswithdistinctinstitutionalandstructuralarrangements(GittlemanandWolff,1993;Kahn,1998).Theyalsopersistacrossdifferenttypesofworkersandestablishmentsize.Suchdisparitiesaredifficulttoexplainfullybythedistributionofhumancapitalaccumulationacrossindustriesorbycompe
4、nsatingdifferentialsfornon-pecuniaryjobattributesaffectingtheutilityofworkers.Theirpersistenceisalsoinconsistentwiththenotionoftransitorydisequilibriumphenomenabroughtaboutbyadjustmentstolaboursupplyordemandinthepresenceofimperfectshort-runlabourmobility.Accordingl
5、y,anumberofnon-competitiveexplanationshavebeenproposed.Instandardhumancapitaltheory,itisarguedthatjobattributesthatdonotdirectlyaffecttheutilityofworkersshouldhavenoeffectonthedeterminationofindividualwages.Incontrast,non-competitivetheoriesofwagedeterminationposit
6、thatsuchattributescanhaveasystematiceffectonwagesbecausetheyinfluencetheoptimalwageforfirmstoset.Thepurposeofthesetheoriesistodeterminewhyfirmsmayfinditprofitable(andareable)topaywageshigherthanthemarket-clearingrate.Inaddition,suchexplanationsmustalsoexplainwhythe
7、importanceofsuchfactorsdiffersbyindustry.Anumberofpossibilitieshavebeensuggested.Efficiencywagemodelsembodytheneedforhighwagestoelicitworkereffort(Weiss,1980;Akerlof,1984;ShapiroandStiglitz,1984;Stiglitz,1985).Unionthreatmodels(Dickens,1986)underlinethethreatofcoll
8、ectiveaction,whilstinsider–outsidermodels(Solow,1985;LindbeckandSnower,1986)stresstheincumbentpowerofemployeeswhenbargainingforashareofindustryre
