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1、外文翻译原文THESOURCESOFINNOVATIONMaterialSource:UniversityofCaliforniaAuthor:EricvonHippel1.overviewIthaslongbeenassumedthatproductinnovationsaretypicallydevelopedbyproductmanufacturers.Becausethisassumptiondealswiththebasicmatterofwhotheinnovatoris,ithasinevitab
2、lyhadamajorimpactoninnovation-relatedresearch,onfirms'managementofresearchanddevelopment,andongovernmentinnovationpolicy.However,itnowappearsthatthisbasicassumptionisoftenwrong.InthisbookIbeginbypresentingaseriesofstudiesshowingthatthesourcesofinnovationvary
3、greatly.Insomefields,innovationusersdevelopmostinnovations.Inothers,suppliersofinnovation-relatedcomponentsandmaterialsarethetypicalsourcesofinnovation.Instillotherfields,conventionalwisdomholdsandproductmanufacturersareindeedthetypicalinnovators.Next,Iexplo
4、rewhythisvariationinthefunctionalsourcesofinnovationoccursandhowitmightbepredicted.Finally,Iproposeandtestsomeimplicationsofreplacingamanufacturer-as-innovatorassumptionwithaviewoftheinnovationprocessaspredictablydistributedacrossusers,manufacturers，supplier
5、s,andothers.2variationsintheFunctionalSourceofInnovationWehaveseenthatuserssometimesinnovate.Butdotheyalways?Ordoesthefunctionalsourceofinnovationvaryinsomemannerbetweenusers,manufacturers,suppliers,andothers?Tobeabletoanswerthesequestions,wemusthavedataonth
6、esourcesofinnovationcharacteristicofatleastafewmoretypesofinnovation.Therefore,mystudentsandIundertookthesixbriefstudiesIwilldescribeinthischapter.Eachofthesixstudiesexaminesadifferenttypeofinnovation.ThefirstfourIwillreviewconsiderinnovationcategorieschosen
7、tomatchmyownareasoftechnicalknowledgeandthoseofthegraduatestudentsparticipatinginourproject.ThechoiceoftopicsforthelasttwostudiesIwillreviewwasmadeonadifferentbasis,whichIwillspelloutwhendiscussingthem.Eachstudyusesidenticalmethods,sothattheirresultsarecomme
8、nsurable,7andeachistightlyfocusedonasingleissue:Whatarethesourcesofinnovation?Thesestudiesfindthatthefunctionalsourceofinnovationdiffersstrikinglyacrosstheseveraltypesofproductandprocessinnovati
