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1、外文翻译原文ChinesefirmandindustryreactionstoantidumpingMaterialSource:NBERWorkingPapersAuthor:ChundingLi,JohnwhalleyOverthelastdecade,Chinahasbeenthetargetforthelargestnumberofantidumpingmeasuresofanycountryintheworld.Withtheonsetoftheglobalcrisis,antidumpinghasbecomesevenm
2、oreinvogue(Bown2010).HowChinareactstothesemeasuresandtheknock-oneffectsforothercountriesisbecomingincreasinglyimportant.ChinaandantidumpingAprimereasonforthisisChina’srapidexportgrowthandtheadjustmentpressuresthiscreatesinforeignmarkets.OtherreasonsincludeChina’snon-ma
3、rketeconomystatusintheeyesoftheUSandEUespecially,itsrelativelyineffectivelegaldefences,andthelowconcentrationratioinmanyChineseindustrieswhichmakesindustrycoordinationtoresistthesemeasuresmoredifficult.Inrecentyearsmanyofthenewmeasureshavecomefromotherdevelopingcountri
4、es,suchasIndiaandTurkey.Whenfacedwithanantidumpingmeasure,Chineseindustriesandfirmsreactinavarietyofways.Thesemayincluderefocusingproductionondomesticmarkets,increasedexportstoothercountries,orlocationabroad.Anotherisproducingsomethingelsetoavoidtheforeigntradebarriers
5、.Chinamayalsochoosetocontesttheactionandtrytosolvethedisputebyreachingagreementonapriceundertaking.Thefinaloptionistoclosedownproductionandexitthemarket.ThereactionofChinesefirmsandindustriestotheseantidumpingactionsisnowanimportantelementinthepolicydebateinChinaasitaf
6、fectswhatChinamightdoinresponse.Iffirmscaneasilyadaptbyproducingdifferentproductsandmaintainprofitsandemployment,aChineseactiveresponseseemslessofanissuethaniftheyareseverelyimpacted.AnalysingtheeffectsofantidumpingactionsonChinesefirmsandindustrygroupsiscentraltothisp
7、olicydebate.PriortotheadoptionoftheWTOAgreementsin1995,theuseofanti-dumpingmeasureswasmainlythedomainofafew,largelydeveloped,countries,e.g.Australia,Canada,theEU,theU.S.andMexico.However,sincetheimplementationoftheWTOAgreements,thenumberofcountrieswithanti-dumpinglawsh
8、asincreaseddramatically.Therearenow64countrieswithanti-dumpingregimesinplace.This,aswellasincreasedtradeliberalizatio
