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1、外文翻译原文Trade,CompetitionandAntidumping---BreakingtheImpasseMaterialSource:InternationalTradeAuthor:RalfBoscheckAtthebeginningofthe1990s,theWTOcountedintotal405antidumpingorders,193ofwhichwereprotectingUSmarkets;by1997,theUnitedStatesaccountedfor294outof,intotal,832orders.WhiletheUShadbeenthe
2、mostactiveuserofantidumpinginthetenyearsto1987,emergingmarketssuchasIndia,Mexico,ArgentinaandBrazilhavesincebecomeincreasinglyimportantusersofantidumpingproceedings?Stillin1999,withthetotalnumberofantidumpinginvestigationsrisingto328fromanannualaverageof232fortheprecedingthreeyears,traditio
3、nalusers(theUSA,EU,Australia,Canada)accountedfor46%,withtheEUtakingfirstplace.Clearly,WTO-condonedantidumpingactionhasspreadtobecometheglobaltraderemedyofchoice.Itisalsoaverycostlyoneformostpartiesinvolved.Restrictingimportsaffectsdomesticcompetition,incomedistributionandincentivesacrossara
4、ngeofinterrelatedmarketsandsectorsandfuelscostly,“rent-seeking”activitiesjusttomaintainthe“benefitsofprotection”.Aggregatingthesevariousfactors,theneteconomiccostsofcurrentUSantidumpingandcountervailingdutyactionsareestimatedtobe$4billionperannum.Oftheabout250antidumpingpetitionsfiledbyUSst
5、eelproducerssince1980,aroundonehundredarestillenforcedtwentyyearslater.Theycurrently“protect”lessthan0.1%oftheUSlaborforceatanestimated40%cost-penaltytosteelconsumingsectorsemployingmorethan50timesasmanyworkers?Similareffortsinthe1980stoprotecttheUScarindustrycutconsumers'realincomesbetween
6、US$3.50andUS$5.50foreachdollarofaddedprofit;eachjobsavedcostconsumersbetweenUS$93,000andUS$250,000peryear.Comparablefigurescanbefoundformosteconomiesdelayingadjustmentswhileclaimingtobenefitfromfreetrade.Butevenmoreconcerningthantheevidentresourcewaste,therationaleforimposingantidumpingmeas
7、ures,commonlybasedonsomeforeign“unfair”privateanti-competitiveconductordiscriminatorygovernmentalpolicy,onlyrarelylivesuptodomesticcompetitionstandardsorbroadereconomicprinciples.Willigconcludesthatlessthan10%ofinternationalantidumpingpetitionsintheUnite
