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1、外文翻译原文THECLARIONCALLFORMODERNSERVICES:CHINA,JAPAN,EUROPE,ANDTHEU.S.BYStuartI.Feldman,KrishnaS.Nathan,ThomasLi,KazuyoshiHidaka,ANDCorinnaSchulzeWhatwillmodernservicesbelike?Todaymanyservicesareviewedasacraftactivity—individualdoctors,retailsellers,program
2、mersalldoingusefulthingstheirownway.Thereis,however,anincreasingroleforanorganized,analytic,andengineeringapproachtoalltheseactivities.Evidence-basedmedicine,marketingsciencedrivenretailers,andsoftwareengineeringareexamplesofthesetrends.Automatedservices
3、areanaturalobjectofattention,sincetheycanbeobservedingreatdetail,canbereconstructedandimproved,andcanbecombinedinnewwaysquicklyandrelativelyeasily.Wearethereforeseeingarapidevolutiontowardanengineeringapproachtothelifecycleofsuchservices,andtheapplicatio
4、nofmathematicandscientificapproachestotheproblemsandopportunitiestheypresent.Complexservicesystemsmustbeviewedatthreelevels:thefunctionalattributes(whatdoesitdoandhowdoesitdoit?),nonfunctionalattributes(managementandcontrolpropertiessuchasperformanceands
5、ecurity),andintentionalattributes(whatisthegoalorpurposeoftheactivity,suchassocietalbenefit,privateprofit,orpersonalesteem?).Eachlevelissusceptibletoanalysis,butdifferentdisciplinesdominate.Ascomputationalservicesproliferate,newfieldsofstudywillopenup,co
6、mbiningthecomputing,engineering,mathematical,management,andsocialsciencesincreativeways.WhenwelookatcomplexB2Bprojects,thereisagrowingapplicationofsolutionengineering—usingthebestavailabletechniquestothemultiplephasesoftheactivity,managingtherisks,increa
7、singpredictabilityofqualityandschedule,learningfromexperienceinaprojecttoimprovenotonlytheresultsofthateffortbutofsucceedingsolutions.Asweexaminethestagesofasinglelargebusinessserviceproject(includingrequirements,design,implementation,deployment,andongoi
8、ngoperation),andbuildupportfoliosandservicelines,muchoftheworkcanbeformalizedandsubjectedtoanalysisandradicalimprovementthroughoptimization,evolutionarylearning,andorganizationimprovement.Ofcourse,applyingengineeringthinki
