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1、外文翻译原文ProductivityImpactsofOffshoringandOutsourcing:AReviewMaterialSource:organisationforeconomicco-operationanddevelopmentAuthor:KarstenBjerringOlsenDespitetheattentionthatoffshoreoutsourcingcurrentlydemandsinthepublicmedia,thereislittleempiricalevidenceonitseco
2、nomicimpact.Asaconsequenceofrisingfearsofjoblossesassociatedwiththephenomenon,mostexistingresearchonthesubjectisprimarilyconcernedwithaddressingrelatedlabourmarketissues.Theimpactsonproductivity,however,havereceivedonlylittleattention.Thispapersurveystheempirical
3、literatureonoffshoreoutsourcinganditsproductivityeffects.Duetothesmallnumberofexistingstudies,thesurveyalsoincludesresearchthatmayserveasindirectevidenceofthephenomenon’slinktoproductivity,suchasitseffectonskillupgrading.Themostapparentconclusiondrawnfromtherevie
4、wisthatthereappearstobenoclearpatternsastohowoffshoreoutsourcingaffectsproductivity,andthatmuchdependsonbothsectorandfirm-specificcharacteristics.Therearesomeindications,however,thatpositiveproductivityeffectsfromforeignmaterialsourcingdependsonthedegreetowhichfi
5、rmsarealreadygloballyengaged,butalsothatsuchengagementsgenerallycouldbeclosetotheiroptimumlevelindevelopedeconomies.Thereislittleexistingresearchonoffshoringofservices,butitappearsthatitsproductivityenhancingeffectsgenerallyaresmallinmanufacturingplantswhilebeing
6、ofasomewhatgreatermagnitudeforfirmsintheservicessector.1．IntroductionOffshoringinservicesemergedalreadyinthelate1980sandearly1990swiththecontractingoutoftasksrelatedtocustomerservices,buthassincemovedontoabroaderrangeofactivitiesincludingengineering,softwaredevel
7、opmentandothertasksrequiringhigh-skilledhumancapital.DuetothesignificantsizeoftheservicessectorintheWesterneconomies,andtheincreasingbroadrangeoftasksexhibitingoffshoringpotential,thenumberofjobswhichcouldpotentiallybeaffectedthroughthischannelissubstantial.Theph
8、enomenon,however,appearstohaveenteredintoanewstagewithoffshoringofservicesbecomingincreasinglyimportant.Thischangeinstructurehasbeenunderwayforsometime,andisge
