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郑州电子信息职业技术学院毕业论文课题名称：中西方国家的餐桌礼仪与文化的对比分析作者：李静义学号：1004250130系别：工商管理系专业：商务英语指导教师：张琳娜2013年05月20日 AContrastiveAnalysisofTableMannersandCulturebetweenChinaandWesternCountriesSubmittedBy:Lijing-yiSupervisor:Zhanglin-naMajor:BusinessEnglishZhengZhouprofessionalinstituteofInformationandElectronics,ZhengZhou,ChinaMay,2013 摘要AContrastiveAnalysisofTableMannersandCulturebetweenChinaandWesternCountriesAbstractWiththerapiddevelopment,therearemoreandmoreinterculturalcommunicationsbetweenChineseandtheWesterners.Tablemannershaveadecisivepositioninthecommunication.Duringcommunicationwewillshowourbestimageandavoidculturalconflicts.EveryoneshouldpaymoreattentiontothedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterntablemanners,andtobehaveproperly,naturallyandpolitelyattable.Knowingthecustomsandbehavingwellinabanquetcannotonlyshowourhighquality,butalsoimproveourcommunication.Keywords：Tablemanners;tableculture;ChinaandtheWestI 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文ContentAbstractIIntroduction0Chapter1ComparisonofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterntablemanners11.1Reflectdifferencesinseating11.2Toreflectthedifferencesinthetableware11.3Reflectdifferencesintheatmosphere2Chapter2ComparisonbetweenChineseandwesterntablewineculturaldifferences32.1WinecultureintheWestdifferencesintheperformance32.2Differentlevelsofdifferentwineculture32.3DifferentideasintheWesterndiet42.4EffectsofdifferentcookingmethodsinWesternfood4Chapter3Seefromthetablemannersinculture5Chapter4Conclusion7References8Acknowledgements911 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文IntroductionBecauseofthedifferencesinculture,history,customsandnationalcharacter,therearealotofdifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterntablemanners.AgoodknowledgeofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterntablemannerscanavoidconflictswhendiningwithforeignpeople,andalsoincreasetheefficiency.ThispapermainlyfocusesonthethreemaindifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterntablemanners:thedifferencesintableware,thedifferenceinseatingprotocolandthedifferencesintablecultures.ItwillanalysisthetablemannersinbothChinaandtheWestandtheirorigins,andwillputforwardsomesuggestionsonhowtodealwiththedifferences.DifferencesofTableMannersbetweenChinaandtheWest.Thereisnodoubtthatetiquetteisusuallythoughttobethemostimportantinourdailylife.Thereareallkindsofetiquettesintheworld,amongwhich,tablemannersareessential.Peoplearetryingthebesttobehaveproperly,naturallyandpolitelyattable,withoutreferencetotheirnationality,gender,occupationorage.Tablemannersarealsoseentobeawaythatpeopleevaluateone’education.Itmustbedoneproperlywhethereatingalone,withfamily,orwithfriends.Manytimes,takingfoodisnotonlyabasicphysiologicalneedbutalsoanimportanceexperienceofsocialactivity.Therefore,tohandletheruleattableisverymuchimportantforthepeoplethroughouttheworld.Chapter1ComparisonofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterntablemanners1.1ReflectdifferencesinseatingUsethetableforeighttraditionalChinesedinner.Thedooris,onbothsidesforthepartialseat.Treat,theelderly,theguestorhigh-rankingpersonsits,malehostessorPeikesitseat,theotherguestsinordertositsideseat.InChina,respectfortheleft,rightforthetimes;onrespect,undersecond;inrespect,partialforthetimes.Westernerstreatwithalongtable,menandwomensitintheowneratbothends,thentheguestofhonormenandwomenand11 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文thegeneralorderoftheguestsseatingarrangements,thatmenandwomeninterspersedarrangement,subjecttoseatthehostess,rightabovetheguestsitinthetoprightofthehostess,theguestofhonorwasseatedbythemaster,and"ladiesfirst"Westerngentleman,willshowtheattentionsoftheladies.Inthewest,respectfortheright,leftforthetimes.1.2ToreflectthedifferencesinthetablewareThemostimportantChinesetablewareischopsticks,chopsticksbeforemealsmustbeneatlyplacedontherightsideoftheirjobs,postprandialmustneatlyplacedinthemiddleofrice.Thespoonismainlyusedtodrinksoup,sometimescanalsobeusedtochecktheshapeofsmallfood,suchaspeanutsorsauteedsweetcornwithpinenuts,useaspoontotakefood,nottoofull,lestoverflowtableortheirclothesdirty.Theplateismainlyusedforholdingfood,accordingtothefoodandthenumberofdifferentshapesanddifferentsizesandshapes.Chinesedisheseverykindof,havealittlecolddishes,colddishesforspell;fishplate,itsshapeslender,usedforholdingfish;slightlysmallerplate,asthefooddish,usuallyplacedintheleftsideofthebowl,usedtotemporarilyputdishfromthepublictotaketoenjoythedishes.Waterismainlyusedforholdingtea,softdrinks,fruitjuicesandotherbeverages.Generallyusedforholdingteaceramic,glasscanbeusedforcontainingbeverage,fruitjuice.Western-stylefoodtablewareplacedthetrayinthemiddle,theleftforkrightknife,knifeedgeupward,inward,discfrontcrossspoon,staplefoodleft,righttheotherappliances,tableware,display.Tablewareusedbytheouterandinner,cutwithlefthandforktotherighthandwithaknife,trimming;alsocanbetherighthandwithaknifefork,cut,andthenswitchtotherighthandfork,use.Generallywiththerighthandaspoonandacup,putthefoodtoyourmouthwithafork,butdon'tendupeatingdishes.Usedinnerknifeandfork,knifeusedforcuttingfood,theforktosendfoodentrance,needtotemporarilyputdownhisknifeandforkmeal,shouldbeputintothe"eight"type,wereplacedontheedgeoftheplate.Afterthemeal,theforkonthebackup,thebladeinwardandforktogether,placedinparallelontheplate,saidtheendofthemeal.Spooncanbedividedintotwotypes:largerspoon,placedintheoutersideend,andtheknifeandput;smalleristhedessertspoon,yawindessertwithknifeandfork.11 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文1.3ReflectdifferencesintheatmosphereChinesefoodforlifetoecstasy,ostentationandextravagance,thelivelyatmosphereoftenisastheacmeofperfection.Chineseasittingatthetable,thenoffthereel,witheachotherforfood,drink,enjoydeliciousfoodtabledelicaciesfromlandandsea.Onlythebanquetthiswayinordertoreflecttheowner'senthusiasmandsincere,andatthesametime,thetablewasalsoreflectsthepatronsfromtheheart'sdelight.This"trouble"tosomeextentreflectstheChinesefamilywarm,neighborhoodharmony,unityandpeople's"keepongoodterms".Chinesedinner,thefoodonthetablevariety,thereareatleastsevenoreightdishes,ifitisthefeast,themaincoursewillbemore,morevaluable,moreexoticdisheswillbemoreattentiveandshowdirectorguest.Theowneroftensay"todayisnogoodfoodtreateverybody","foodisbad,eatalittle"orsomethinglikethat.Thespeechofotherscannotbeamouthin.Volumeiskepteachothercanheardegree.Chewingoffooddonotspeak,evenifsomeonespeaktoyou,havetowaittoanswerafterswallowing.TheWestgenerallyfourtofivecoursefeast,toeatoralittleamountofremainingthebest.Ifathome,itisbesttoeatallthefood,sothatthehostesswillbeglad,thatyoulikehercooking.Thefaceofasplendiddinner,thehostwillsay"hasbeendoingalltoentertainyou".Westerndiscourseonthetableownerreasoning,itiseasytodraw:Chinesefollowthe"self-denigration"principle.TheWesternemphasisonefficiencyandpragmatismvalues,alotofimportanceinthecommunicationneedsoftheirownface.Chapter2ComparisonbetweenChineseandwesterntablewineculturaldifferences2.1WinecultureintheWestdifferencesintheperformance"Ifthedaydon'tlovewine,nowinestarinthesky,ifdon'tlovewine,andshouldnotJiuquan,theworldistheloveofwine,wineisworthyofloveday",EastShixianLiBaisuchasworthyofdayastheirdutytolovewine;"nowinelikethedaysofnosun,thewest"Pasteurthefatherofwineiswineisthegiftoflifeallsunshine.Althoughonthesameloveof11 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文wine,butthedifferencesbetweenChinesecultureandWesternculture,hardtosingtheChineseandWesternerstoappreciatethedifferentangle,itextendstoallsortsofwinecultureintheWest.2.2DifferentlevelsofdifferentwinecultureInthebeginning,peoplechoosetodrinkisnotendency.Itisreadilyextractinthewine.Wine,asthenameimplies,usinggrapeasrawmaterialmadeofwine.WhileChina'swhiteoryellowwineisfoodasrawmaterialmanufacturing.Wineandliquorappearevenwhentheybecomeanindispensablepartofpeople'sliveswiththenaturalandculturalenvironment.AncientChinesepeoplelivinglifeoftheYellowRiverbasinisatemperatecontinentalclimate,theclimateissuitableforsorghumandwheatandothergraincrops.Chinesepeoplechoicefoodcropsasrawmaterialsisalsobehoove.AndinEuropethewest,especiallytheclimateandterrainMediterraneanMediterraneanclimatezoneareverysuitableforgrapecultivationarea.Foralongtime,peoplechoosethewinehasformedakindofpreference.Naturalgeographicalenvironmentandculturalheritage,naturalandculturalenvironmentandsocialcultureenvironmentandcontributedtothedifferentpreferencesofpeopleintheWestwine.ThereareverydifferentetiquetteaboutdrinkingthewinecultureintheWest.Drinkingetiquette,thebiggestdifferenceliesintheglobal.AgroupofChinesedrinktogethersceneswillabsolutelythanagroupofWesternersinthescenelively.BecauseChinesepeoplearegoodattheglobal,notforceotherstodrinknot,evenseemtohavegetpeopledrunkmomentum.ThisnotonlyreflectstheChinesehospitality,hastheverybigrelationscollectivethinkingandChinese.Thepeopleinwesterncountries,emphasisondemocracyandfreedom,neverinterfereandforcingothersto.Theydinnerdrinkwhenfullfreedomandautonomy,wanttodrinktodrink,donotwanttodrinkdonotdrink,liketodrinkmuchandmuch,takeasmuchasyoupossiblycan,neednotcourteousandpolite.Inaddition"wineglowingintheluminousjadecups,todrinkimmediatelyPipareminder;Zuiwobattlefield-molaugh,afewpeoplebacktotheancientbattle."Utilitarianwineisveryobvious.Butforwesterners,amatterofwineismorepersonalpleasuresensesthemindatease.Astheirwineselectionis11 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文fromawinetastinghowbettertostart.Theydon'tputtoomanythingswithwine,thewinetoexpressfeelings.2.3DifferentideasintheWesterndietPerceptualChineseisthepursuitofdeliciousandenjoyinChina,thefolksaying:hungerbreedsdiscontentment,foodtotastefirst,tasteisthehigheststandardsofcooking.IntheeyesofChinesepeople,"eat"isnotonlytoeat,nortonutrition,sometimeseat,eat,thisisbecausecannotstandthetemptationandenjoydelicioustotaste.ButintheviewofWesternrationaldiet,theoverloaddietnotonlywasteful,butalsoharmthehumanbody.AlthoughtheChinesepayattentiontodiet,food,payattentiontothediettohealthtonic,butourcookingisdeliciousforthefirstrequirement,causingmanynutrientslossanddamage,sothenutritionproblemmaybethegreatestweaknessoftheChinesediet.2.4EffectsofdifferentcookingmethodsinWesternfoodTheChinesedietfromthepointofviewoftheproductionprocess,payattentiontoskillsatrandom.OpenChina'srecipes,oftenfindthataddingamountofreserve,rawmaterialingredientsarefuzzyconcepts."Spoon","bowl","alittle"meettheeyeeverywhere,whatisthespoon,bowlis,"howmuchisalittle",whohavenospecificstandards.IneveryChinesehouseholdkitchenalmostcannotfindwesternkitchenessentialscalemeasuringcup,spoon.Chinesecookingisallamatterofexperience,feeling,notafixedpattern,thenutritionscienceistograspaintuitionisticfuzzy,isalso"Yu-Shiangshreddedpork"restaurantshavethetaste,eventhesamecookadishalsoaccordingtodifferentidentityindifferentseasons,differentoccasions,peopleeat,makethecorrespondingadjustment.ReflectsthefuzzinessoftheChinesewayofthinking,payattentiontooverallgraspthingsfuzzy,notthepursuitoflogicalreasoning,accurateanalysisofthings.ProductionprocessofaWesterndietemphasizesstandardizedandscientific,thewholeprocessofcookingistoactstrictlyinaccordancewithscientificstandards,requirements,addingredientsforprecisiontothegramsofspices,cookingtimeaccuratetoseconds.Sowesternkitchenoftenhavebalance,liquidmeasuringcup,timer,scalepan,seasoningshelvesarelined11 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文withdozensofseasoningbottleneatanduniformsize,likeachemicallaboratory.Whenpeoplelivingindifferentplacestotastethelocalfood,certainlynoonewouldchoosetoKFCorMacdonaldlikefood.BecausetheoldmannotonlyneedtoKentuckyFriedChickenrecipeingredients,eventemperature,friedchickenoiltime,alsomustactstrictlyinaccordancewithnorms,sotheworldKFCtastearethesame.ButitreflectstheWesternersfocusonthepositive,totherationalspiritandtheexactanalysisonthings,reflectthecharacteristicsoftheWesternwayofthinkingwithaccuracy.Chapter3SeefromthetablemannersincultureTherearethousandsofyearsofChinesetraditionalcultureintheChineseConfucianismandTaoism,Buddhism,thetraditionalConfucianthoughtof"benevolence,righteousness,mainlyemphasizescourtesy,theletter";Taoismadvocates"harmonywithnature","pure";Buddhismadvocatedthe"mercy","Purduebeings","harmonywithoutobstruction".Whilewesterncountriesadvocateddemocracy,freedom,equality,personalpower,valuepersonalvalues,individualism.TheirreligionisChristianity,impactonthestateofthegreatpeople.TheChristiandoctrineofGodcreatedhumanbeings,andbelieveintheChristianethicsisbasedonoriginalsin,thathumanancestorsAdamandXiaWabecauseofeatingtheforbiddenfruitcrimepassedtofuturegenerations,becometherootofallhumanevil.Mancannotsaveitself,butbythesalvationofJesuschrist.Thus,theoriginalsinhasbecomewesternsinculture,peopleinwesterncountriesformedafar-reachinginfluenceinpsychology.Ifamandoesnotbelieveornotrepent,Godwouldbeapermanentpenalty,gotothehellsuffering.ChineseandwesterntablemannersofdifferentcultureisanimportantpartoftheChineseandWesternculturaldifferences,traditionalwesterncultureistheanimalhusbandrycultureandmarineculture,andChina'sfarmingcultureandlandculture,twodifferentculturereflectsthedifferenceofpeople'slifestyle,thedifferencetableetiquettecultureisoneoftherepresentative,everycountry,everyregionofthepeople'sdietunconsciouslyrevealitsprofoundculturalbackground.Suchas:China,theformofeatingbehindallpsychologyandcultureofakindofrichmeaningandpeople'scognitionandunderstandingofthings,togeta11 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文moreprofoundsocialsignificance,aregulatingthistranslatesintosocialpsychology,therearemanyscholarswillbetheChinesespecial"hungerbreedsdiscontentment"theconceptcalled"culturaltendencypan-foodprinciple",thedifferencebetweenChineseandWesternculturesmakesdifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternfoodcultureandetiquetteculture,thisdifferencedifferentfromtheWesternwayofthinkingandphilosophy.Chinesepeoplepayattentionto"theunityofheavenandman",Westernersfocuson"people-oriented"suchdifferencesinvaluesformationofChineseeatingtable,feelingsandcharacteristics,focusonthetypeandquantityoffood,rarelyconsiderthenutritionalmeals.Thedietbeautifulpursuealthoughoverwhelmedtherational.Thesocialbackground,thedifferencesinhistoryandcultureleadstothedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterntablemanners,etiquettetosomeextentreflectsahabit,andhabitsisnotashortperiodoftimecanbeobtained.Itisalsoakindofhistoricalandculturalsedimentationandextension.Therefore,apartofthedifferencebetweenChineseandWesternetiquettecultureisthetraditionalChineseandWesternculturaldifferences.WiththeglobalizationofeconomyandtheaccelerationofinformationexchangebetweenChineseandwesterntablemanners,culturefusioncontinuouslyinthecollision,complementeachotherinfusion.SonowtheChinesehavebeguntopayattentiontonutrition,foodscience,healthandcooking,diningetiquettealsotendtocivilization,science.Betweenthetwocultureshasnotadvancedorbackward,thefutureworld,twokindofculturewillalsocontinuetofusion,through.Chapter4ConclusionEveryculturehasitsownessence,allculturesareequal,notquality,fromtheaboveanalysis,thedifferencesofChineseandwesterntablemanners,wecanfindthattheadvantagesofthetwocultures.Insuchasituationofeconomicglobalization,tounderstandthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternetiquetteculture,tworeasonableorganiccombination,inordertoestablishsuitableforChina'scontemporarysocialetiquetteculturesystem,eliminateininterculturalcommunicationbecauseofculturalbarriersand11 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文misunderstandingsonthedevelopmentofcivilization,spiritualandmaterialinChinaandpeoplelivinginaforeigncountryhascertainhelpfunction.11 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文References[1]HuWenzhong.InEnglishandChinese(English)custom[M].foreignlanguageteachingandResearchPress,1999[2]LinYutangart[M].foreignlanguageteachingandresearchpresslife,1998[3]samovar.Cross-culturalcommunication.[M]¬SDXJointPublishingCompany,1988[4]XiaoPing.FromtheperspectiveofChineseandWesterndietculture[J].JournalofLanzhouPolytechnicCollege,2005[5]LiMingying.Journalofsocialcustomandthedietculture[J].JinzhouTeachersCollege,1997[6]BianHaoyu.OnthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternfoodculture[J].JournalofNanjingForestryUniversity,200411 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文AcknowledgementsIamdeeplygratefultomyteacherZhanglin-na,towhomIoweagreatdealofgratitudeandappreciation.Mr.Zhanggavememanyinvaluableinstructionsandhelpedmemuchineverystageofmythesiswriting.AndIalsowanttothankmydearfriends;theygivemethebestloveandsupportingformystudy.Finally,Iwouldliketooffermysinceregratitudetothosewhospendtheirprecioustimeinreadingthisthesis.11 郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文课题名称中西方国家的餐桌礼仪与文化的对比分析指导老师姓名张琳娜课题主要任务与要求：本文主要探讨了中西方国家的餐桌礼仪和文化的不同和重要性，列举了一些餐桌的差异和对餐饮的一些见解。论文评审成绩系审批意见：签（章）年月日学院教务处审批意见：签（章）年月日备注11
