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1、PhonologyDefinitionPhoneticsvsphonologyThephonemetheoryDistinctivenessinspeechsoundsPhonemeandallophoneMinimalpairsPrinciplesindecidingonphonemesDefinitionPhonologyisthestudyofsoundsystem–theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.PhonologyvsPh
2、oneticsPhoneticsdealswithhowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived.Phonology,ontheotherhand,dealsspecificallywiththewaysthosesoundsareorganizedintotheindividuallanguages.Phoneticsisthestudyofallthesoundsthatthehumanvoiceiscapableofcreatingwhereasphonologyisthestudyofasubs
3、etofthosesoundsthatconstitutelanguageandmeaning.Phonologyislanguagespecific.Itdealswithspeechsoundswithinthecontextofaspecificlanguage.DistinctivenessinSpeechSoundsSpeechsoundsaredifferentfromeachotherinanumberofways,suchas,placeofarticulation,mannerofarticulation,voicing,nasality,as
4、piration,tongueheight,etc.Someofthedifferencesaredistinctiveinthattheyservetodistinguishbetweenwordsinagivenlanguage.InEnglish,forexample,thedifferencebetween/p/and/b/,/l/and/e/aredistinctive.Substitutingonesoundfortheotherchangesthemeaningofaword.PhonemeandAllophonePhoneme:asoundwhi
5、chiscapableofdistinguishingonewordfromanotherinagivenlanguage.Allophone:thedifferentmembersofaphoneme.Aphonemeisrepresentedbyoneofitsallophonesinaparticularphoneticsituation.MinimalpairsWordformswhichareidenticaleverywhereexceptonesoundsegmentatthesameposition.Examples:pin/bin,pin/pe
6、n,pin/pingPrinciplesforDecidingPhonemesContrastivedistributionFreevariationComplimentarydistributionPhoneticsimilarityContrastiveDistributionIfspeechsoundsoccurinthesamephoneticenvironmentandthesubstitutionofoneforanotherresultsinadifferentword,thentheyaresaidtobeincontrastivedistrib
7、ution.Soundsincontrastivedistributionshouldbeassignedtodifferentphonemes.Example:/gud/and/ga:d/FreeVariationIftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironmentdonotcontrast,thatis,thesubstitutionofoneforanotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword,thenthetwo
8、soundsareinf
