Phonology.ppt

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1、1PhonologyTheStudyoftheSoundPatterns/SystemofaLanguage21.PhonologyanditsrelatedtermsPhonologyPhonePhonemeDistinctivenessAllophone3PhonologyPhonologyisthestudyofsoundsystemsofalanguage,thedetailedlistofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternintowhichtheyfall.Phonologyislanguage

2、specific.4PhonologyandphoneticsPhonologyandphoneticsdifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisininterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages.Phonologyisinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareused

3、toconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.5PhonologyandphoneticsThedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonologycanbeseenfromasecondpointofview.Thehumanvocalapparatuscanproduceaverywiderangeofsounds;butonlyasmallnumberoftheseareusedinalanguagetoconstructallofitswordsandsentences.Phoneticsisthest

4、udyofallpossiblespeechsounds;phonologystudiesthewayinwhichalanguage’sspeakerssystematicallyuseaselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.6PhonologyandphoneticsWhatistrueinonelanguagemaynotbetrueinanotherlanguage.7Acommonmethodologyistobeginbyanalyzinganindividuallanguage,todeterminewh

5、ichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheypattern–thelanguage’s“phonologicalstructure”.8PhoneTheindividualspeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguagearephones.Itisalsocalledspeechsoundorsegment,e.g.,inleap,kid,stop,tankItdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.e.g.,[t=]and[th]asinstopandtop.9PhonePhonemictra

6、nscriptionsareplacedbetweenslantlines(//),whilephonetictranscriptionsareplacedbetweensquarebrackets([]).10PhonemePhonologicalanalysisreliesontheprinciplethatcertainsoundscausechangesinthemeaningofawordorphrase,whereasothersoundsdonot.Phonemeisabstract;itsrealizationisthephone.11Thesmalles

7、tsoundunitinalanguagethatdistinguishesmeaningofawordfromanother,e.g.:/s/,/t/,/a:/,/i/,/p/instart,tip.Linguistsdetectthephonemesinalanguagethroughsubstitutionanalysis(pigvs.big,pinvs.pen).12DistinctivenessAsoundisdistinctiveifitdistinguishesbetweenwordsinagivenlangua