9781420038903%2Ech3

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1、3ThermoelectricPhenomenaunderLargeTemperatureGradients3.1Introduction.......................................................................3-13.2InfluenceofaTemperatureGradientonTransportPhenomenainSemiconductors........................................3-23.3Calculation

2、oftheInfluenceofaLargeTemperatureGradientonthePropertiesofSemiconductorMaterials.............................................................................3-4HighCurrentCarrierConcentrations†LowCarrierL.I.AnatychukConcentrationsInstituteofThermoelectricity3.4Distribut

3、ionFunction.......................................................3-6L.P.Bulat3.5TemperatureFieldsandTransportCoefficients..............3-6St.PetersburgStateUniversity3.6NewEffects.........................................................................3-8ofRefrigeratio

4、n3.7TheOutlookforPracticalApplications...........................3-83.1IntroductionRecentdecadeshavewitnessednumerousexperimentalproceduresforcreatingaverysharpspatial10temperatureinhomogeneityinvariousmaterials.Thus,temperaturegradientsofupto10K/cmcanbeestablishedbyla

5、serradiationonsemiconductors,electron-beammaterialprocessing,welding,etc.Largeelectrontemperaturegradientscanalsobeachievedbyheatingupsemiconductorchargecarrierswith1,2microwavefield;hencetherelevanceofinvestigationintosemiconductorpropertiesunderlargetemperaturegradien

6、ts.Thetendencytowardminiaturizationofthermoelectricpowerconvertersalsoleadstothecreationoflargetemperaturegradientsinsemiconductormaterials.Consequently,thetaskarisestostudytransportphenomenainsemiconductorsunderextremetemperatureconditions.Thissituationwillariseintheu

7、seofsubmicronandnanosizestructuresasthermoelectrics.Thus,inathermoelectric5generatorbasedonaquantumsuperlattice,forexample,temperaturegradientsupto10K/cmare3established.Undertheseconditions,anextremelyhighthermoelectricfigure-of-meritwasobtained:3ZT¼2:4atT¼300K.Inadditi

8、on,neweffectscanbeexpectedunderlargetemperaturegradients.OneistheBenedicks62effect,whichhasbeendescribedinanumberofex