9781420038903%2Ech2

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1、2ModernThermodynamicTheoryofThermoelectricity2.1Introduction.......................................................................2-12.2NonequilibriumThermodynamics:GeneralConcepts.............................................................................2-22.3Thermodynam

2、icTheoryofThermoelectricity...............2-5GeneralizedOhm’sandFourierLaws†GeneralizationoftheThomsonRelations†ThermodynamicsofCaloricL.I.AnatychukandEffectsinThermoelectricity†LocalandIntegralO.J.LusteEfficiencyofThermoelementsInstituteofThermoelectricity2.4Conclusion......

3、...................................................................2-132.1IntroductionThermodynamicsisanefficientmeansoffindingmostgeneralregularitiesinthetheoryofthermoelectricity.1In1854,W.Thomsonusingequilibriumthermodynamicsestablishedtheinterrelationbetweenthreethermoelec

4、triceffectsthatariseinathermocouplethermoelectriccircuitwiththelegsofindividualisotropicmedia(Figure2.1)intheformofrelationshipsdP=dT2a2t¼0ð2:1ÞdP=dT2P=T2t¼0ð2:2ÞwhereaistheSeebeckcoefficient,PisthePeltiercoefficient,andtistheThomsoncoefficient.Equation2.1andEquation2.2implytwo

5、relationshipsoffrequentuseinthermoelectricity:P¼aTisthefirstThomsonrelationshipð2:3Þt¼Tð›a=›TÞisthesecondThomsonrelationshipð2:4ÞItiscommonknowledgetodaythatarigorousthermodynamictheoryofthermoelectricitycanbeconstructedonlyonthebasisofanonclassical,moregeneraltheoryofmacros

6、copicdescriptionofnonequilibriumprocessescallednonequilibriumthermodynamicsorthermodynamicsofirreversible2–7processes.Statedbelowarethebasicconceptsofmodernnonequilibriumthermodynamicsasappliedtothermoelectricity,whichmakepossiblespecificationandgeneralizationoftheThomsontheo

7、rynotonly2-1©2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC2-2ThermoelectricsHandbook:MacrotoNanoATT+∆TBFIGURE2.1ThermocouplethermoelectriccircuitwiththelegsofindividualisotropicmediaAandB.ThermocouplejunctionsareattemperaturesTandT+dT.forthermocouplepowerconverters,butalsoforthermoelectricm

8、ediaofanycomplexityusedinthem,generalizationoffundamentalthermoelectricrela