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1、了解基本逻辑，避免常见错误要了解基木逻辑错误一定不能错过一篇英文小品文LoveIsAFallacy(作者MaxShulman),这里仅列举出十种最常见的逻辑错误。1•草率前提(DictoSimpliciter)例女口：Womenareonaveragenotasstrongasmenandlessabletoperformwellpolitically.Therefore,womencan'tpulltheirweightingovernmentwork.点评：虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作，但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。2过度概化(Ha
2、styGeneralization)例如：McDonald'sandKFCofferfoodswithlittlenutrition,andthuswecannotexpectanyfastfoodrestauranttoprovideuswithnutritiousfoods.点评：两个个例不足以推岀一个真理。3•因果颠倒(PostHoc)例女口：Mostyoungcriminalswatchviolentmoviesbeforetheycommittheircrimes;obviously,violentmoviesleadtojuvenile
3、delinquency.点评：甲事情发生在乙事情之前，这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。4•矛盾前提(ContradictoryPremises)例如:IfGodcandoeverything,canhemakeastonesoheavythathecan'tcarry?点评：前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方，结论当然是错误的。5•感性论证(AdMisericordiam)例女口：Thinkofallthepoor,starvingAfricanchildren!Howcouldrichcountriesbesocruelasnott
4、ohelpthem?点评：抒情是不能当作论证的。6•错误类比(FalseAnalogy)例如：Youngchildrenarelikeflowers—flowersshouldstayawayfromterribleweathertogrow,sochildrenneedtogetridofeverythingnegative・点评：孩子和花朵的区别太大。成长的过程也太复杂。最好不要用这两者来类比。7•虚假假设(HypothesisContrarytoFact)例如:IfTVwerenotinvented,todaypeoplewouldnever
5、havesuchwonderfulentertainmentbroughtbyTV.点评：因为电视已经被发明了，对于过去的否定假设后所得出的结论都是逻辑上的错误结论。8•无关转移(RedHerring)例如：Manypeoplesayweneedtoexploittheouterspace,apointwhichIbelieveiswrong,becausetherearesomanypoorpeopleonEarthwhohardlymakeendsmeet.点评：有一个问题没解决并不代表着另一个问题不值得解决。9•从众错误(Bandwagon)
6、例女口：Everyonesaysitisjustifiedtolearnasecondlanguagesowemustlearnone.点评：人人都说，或者大多数都说，这并不意味着该观点正确。10•滑坡谬误(Slipperyslope)例如：Ifwedon'tcareabouttheenvironment,theworldwilldiein50years・点评：从环境问题到世界灭亡，中间有无数环节未提供论证。ExamplesofSlipperySlope1.”Wehavetostopthetuitionincrease!Thenextthingyo
7、uknow,theyllbecharging$40,000asemester!**2."TheUSshouldn'tgetinvolvedmilitarilyinothercountries.Oncethegovernmentsendsinafewtroops,itwillthensendinthousandstodie.'13.”Youcannevergiveanyoneabreak.Ifyoudo,they'llwalkalloveryou.”4•”We'vegottostopthemfrombanningpornography.Oncethe
8、ystartbanningoneformofliterature,theywillneverstop.Nextthingy
