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1、READINGCOMPREHENSIONTEXTADr.RablenandDr.OswaldhavejustpublishedastudywhichconcludesthatNobelsciencelaureateslivesignificantlylongerthanthoseoftheircolleagueswhowerenominatedforaprize,butfailedtoreceiveone.Theyworkwithdatafrom1901to1950,andthesearchisrestrictedtomen(toavoiddifferencesi
2、nlifespanbetweenthesexes),andthosekilledprematurelyareeliminated.Thatgavethem135prizewinnersand389also-rans•Thetheorytheyweretestingwasthatstatusitself,ratherthanthetrappingsofstatus,suchaswealth,acttoprolonglife.ThisideawasfirstdeclaredbySirMichaelMarmot,ofUniversityCollege,London.Si
3、rMichaelstudiedthehealthofBritishcivilservantsanddiscovered,contrarytohisandeveryoneelse1sexpectations,thatthoseatthetopofthehierarchy—whomthestressofthejobwasexpectedtohaveaffectedadversely—wereactuallyfarhealthierthanthesupposedlyunstressedfunctionariesatthebottomoftheheap.Subsequen
4、tresearchhasconfirmedthisresult,andsuggesteditisnothingtodowiththelargersalariesofthoseatthetop.ButDr.RablenandDr.Oswaldthoughtitwouldbeinterestingtorelinetheobservationstillfurther,bystudyingindividualswhowereall,inasense,atthetop.BycomparingpeoplegoodenoughtobeconsideredforaNobel,th
5、eycouldmeasurewhatthestatusofhavingonewasworth.Comparingwinnersandalso-ransfromwithinthesamecountries,toavoidyetanothersourceofbias,Dr.RablenandDr•Oswaldfoundthatthewinnerslived,onaverageztwoyearslongerthanthosewhohadmerelybeennominated•Exactlywhatcausesthisincreasedlongevityisunclear
6、•Itisnotthecash,though•Theinflation-adjustedvalueoftheprizehasfluctuatedovertheyears,sothetworesearcherswereabletoseeifthepurchasingpowerofthemoneywascorrelatedwithlongevity•Itwasnot.WiththehierarchicallyorderedindividualsstudiedbySirMichaelandhissuccessors,bothmedicalrecordsandexperi
7、mentsonanimalssuggeststresshormonesareinvolved•Itis,indeed,morestressfultobeatthebottomthanthetop,evenifbeingatthetopinvolvesmakingdecisionsonthefateofnations.TheresultDr.RablenandDr•Oswaldhavecomeupwith,though,suggestsapositiveeffectassociatedwithhighstatus,ratherthantheabsenceofaneg
8、ative
