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1、CAC/RCP56–2004Page1of5CODEOFPRACTICEFORTHEPREVENTIONANDREDUCTIONOFLEADCONTAMINATIONINFOODSCAC/RCP56–2004INTRODUCTION1.Leadisatoxicheavymetalwithwidespreadindustrialuses,butnoknownnutritionalbenefits.ThetoxiceffectsofleadinfoodhavebeenreviewedseveraltimesbytheFAO/WHOJointExpertCommitteeonF
2、oodAdditives(JECFA).Chronicexposuretoleadatrelativelylowlevelscanresultindamagetothekidneysandliver,andtothereproductive,cardiovascular,immune,hematopoietic,nervous,andgastrointestinalsystems.Short-termexposuretohighamountsofleadcancausegastrointestinaldistress,anemia,encephalopathy,andde
3、ath.Themostcriticaleffectoflow-levelleadexposureisreducedcognitiveandintellectualdevelopmentinchildren.2.Leadexposurecanoccurthroughfoodandwater,aswellasintheworkplace,throughhobbies,andthroughexposuretolead-contaminatedsoilandair.3.Leadcontaminationoffoodarisesfromnumeroussources,includi
4、ngairandsoil.Atmosphericleadfromindustrialpollutionorleadedgasolinecancontaminatefoodthroughdepositiononagriculturalcropplants.Soilleadarisingfromlead-containingordnancestoredonformermunitionssitesandfromammunitionusedinrifleormilitaryfiring,atmosphericdeposition,orinappropriateapplicatio
5、nofpesticides,fertilizers,orsewagesludgecancontaminateagriculturalcropplantsthroughuptakeorthroughdepositionofthesoilonplantsurfaces.Contaminatedplantsandsoilare,inturn,asourceofcontaminationoflivestock.4.Waterisalsoasourceofleadcontaminationoffood.Surfacewatersourcescanbecontaminatedthro
6、ughrunoff(drainage),atmosphericdeposition,and,onalocallevel,byleachingofleadfromgameshotorfishingsinkers.Contaminatedsurfacewatersareapotentialsourceofcontaminationofaquaticfoodanimals.Fordrinkingwaterandwaterforfoodpreparation,theuseofleadpipesorlead-containingfixturesinwaterdistribution
7、systemsisaprimarysourceofcontamination.5.Leadcontaminationoffoodcanalsoarisefromfoodprocessing,foodhandling,andfoodpackaging.Sourcesofleadinfoodprocessingareasincludeleadpaintandlead-containingequipment,suchaspipingandlead-solderedmachinery.Inthepackagingarea,lead-s
