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1、ShortageofGirlsinChinaToday: Causes,Consequences,InternationalComparisons,andSolutionsJudithBanisterBeijingJavelinInvestmentsCopyright2003,JudithBanister.Allrightsreserved.China:“Missinggirls”orshortageoffemales Highlights:Realorspurious?China’sdemographicdataquality.Sexra
2、tios—whatwouldbenormal?Internationaldata.HistoryofChina’ssexratios—dynastiestoyear2000.ShortageofgirlsinruralandurbanChina.China:Missinggirlsbyparity.GeographyofmissinggirlsinChina.WhatcausesthedearthofgirlsinChina?Whatothercountries/areashave“missinggirl”problem?Existingan
3、dpossiblepolicyresponses,solutions.Copyright2003,JudithBanister.Allrightsreserved.Realorspurious? ChinademographicdataqualityIsitsimplythatexistinggirlsandthebirthsofgirlsarehiddenandthereforeunderreported?No.Somedatasourcesseriouslyunderreportbirthsandchildrenofbothsexes,f
4、orexample,registrationdataandfamilyplanningsystemdata.ButChina’scensusesandmanysurveysreportthebirthsandexistenceofboysandgirlswithapproximatelyequalcompleteness.Countsaregood,agereportingexcellent.Evenafteradjustmentsforerrors,sexratiosarehighlydistorted.Thedearthoffemales
5、isreal.Copyright2003,JudithBanister.Allrightsreserved.SexRatios—Whatisnormal? HowdoesChinacompare?Normalsexratioatbirth:100-107boysper100girlsNormaltotalpopulationsexratio:95-102Normalsexratioofdeathrates:1.1-1.8,ratioofmaletofemaledeathratesateachageNormalsexratioages0-4:1
6、00-107China’ssexratioatbirth(sincemid-1980s):107-120boysper100girlsChina’stotalpopulationsexratio(1930-2000):105-109China’ssexratioofdeathratesages0-3(1981-2000):0.7-1.0,ratioofmaletofemaledeathratesChina’ssexratioages0-4,(1981-2000):107-120Copyright2003,JudithBanister.Allr
7、ightsreserved.Chinaabnormalsexratios,timeline: Improveduntil1978China’spopulationsexratios:1930rural,108.5;1953,107.6;1964,105.5.Before1953census,girlsdiedateveryageatahigherratethanboys,duetolife-threateningdiscrimination.By1964,excessgirlmortalityceasedbyage6or7.Inthe1970
8、s,deathratesofgirlsandboyswereaboutthesame,whichstabilizedthesexratioat106throughc
