Chapter1 History, Theories, and Met

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1、Chapter1:History,Theories,andMethodsHowhavewethoughtaboutthechild?Howdowethinkaboutchildrentoday?Howdoweknowaboutchildren?Whatisgoodaboutchildrentoday?Whatisbadaboutchildrentoday?WhatIsChildDevelopment?WhatIsChildDevelopment?DimensionsofDevelopmentBiologicalCognitiveSocio

2、EmotionalBioPsychoSocialDevelopmentSystematicchangesandcontinuitiesintheindividualthatoccurbetweenconceptionanddeathorpatternofchangethatbeginsatconceptionandcontinuesthroughadolescence.WhatIsChildDevelopment?Defining“Child”throughPeriodsofDevelopmentPrenatalInfancyEarlyC

3、hildhood/PreschoolMiddleChildhood/SchoolageAdolescenceWhatIsChildDevelopment?BasicIssuesNaturevs.NurtureFreeWillvs.DeterminismContinuityvs.DiscontinuityEarlyvs.LateExperienceStabilityvs.ChangeQualitativevs.QuantitativeChangeWhatViewsofChildrenDoWeFindThroughoutHistory?An

4、cientTimesandMiddleAgesChildrenviewedasinnatelyevilAge7isthe“ageofreason”ChildrenweretreatedasminiatureadultsJohnLockeChildcameintoworldastabularasa,or“blankslates”FocusonroleofenvironmentandexperienceJean-JacquesRousseauChildrenareinherentlygoodandmoralIndustrialRevoluti

5、onNuclearfamilyChildhoodisrecognizedasatimeperiodoflifeTheoriesofChildDevelopmentWhatAreTheories?RelatedsetsofstatementsabouteventsIncludedescriptivetermsandconceptsBasedoncertainassumptionsAllowexplanationsandpredictionsWiderangeofapplicabilityWhyDoWeHaveTheories?Theori

6、esofdevelopmenthelpusDescribeExplainPredictChooseResearchGuideApplicationThePsychoanalyticPerspectiveFreud’stheoryofpsychosexualdevelopmentErikson’stheoryofpsychosocialdevelopmentViewchildren(andadults)involvedinconflictInternaldriveandurgesInternalize‘external’demandsand

7、rulesStagetheoriesDistinctperiodsofdevelopmentFreud’sTheoryofPsychosexualDevelopmentSigmundFreud(1856–1939)LevelsofawarenessConsciouslevelPreconsciouslevelUnconsciouslevelPartsofpersonalityIdEgoSuperegoAmountofgratificationateachstageFixatedatthatstageStagesofPsychosexual

8、TheoryofDevelopmentOralStageSuckingandbitingEarlyweaningorbreast-fedtoolongOralFixation:nail-bit