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1、77ComparingtheMajorTheoriesofConsciousnessnedblockabstractThisarticlecomparesthethreeframeworksfortheoriesstimulationcausesactivationsinsensoryareasinthebackofofconsciousnessthataretakenmostseriouslybyneuroscientists:theheadthatcompetewitheachothertoformdom
2、inanttheviewthatconsciousnessisabiologicalstateofthebrain,thecoalitions(indicatedbydarkelementsintheouterringsinglobalworkspaceperspective,andanaccountintermsofhigherfigure77.1).Someofthesedominantcoalitionstriggerorderstates.Thecomparisonfeaturesthe“explan
3、atorygap”(Nagel,1974;Levine,1983),thefactthatwehavenoideawhytheneuralcentralreverberationsthroughlong-rangeconnectionstobasisofanexperienceistheneuralbasisofthatexperienceratherfrontalcortex,settingupactivationsthathelptomaintainthananotherexperienceornoexp
4、erienceatall.Itisarguedthatboththecentralandperipheralactivations.Theideathatthebiologicalframeworkhandlestheexplanatorygapbetterthansomebrainareascontrolactivationsandreactivationsindotheglobalworkspaceorhigherorderviews.Thearticledoesotherareasisnowubiqui
5、tousinneuroscience(Damasio¬discussquantumtheoriesor“panpsychist”accountsaccordingtowhichconsciousnessisafeatureofthesmallestparticlesofinor-Meyer,2008),andarelatedideaiswidelyaccepted:thatoneganicmatter(Chalmers,1996;Rosenberg,2004).Nordoesitinstanceofre
6、ciprocalcontrolisoneinwhichworkspacediscussthe“representationist”proposals(Tye,2000;Byrne,2001a)networksinfrontalareascontrolactivationsinsensoryandthatarepopularamongphilosophersbutnotneuroscientists.spatialareas(Curtis&D’Esposito,2003).Itisusefulinthinkin
7、gabouttheaccounttodistinguishbetweensuppliersandconsumersofrepresentations.PerceptualsystemssupplyThreetheoriesofconsciousnessrepresentationsthatareconsumedbymechanismsofreporting,reasoning,evaluating,deciding,andremembering,HigherOrderThehigherorderapproac
8、hsaysthatwhichthemselvesproducerepresentationsthatarefurtheranexperienceisphenomenallyconsciousonlyinvirtueofconsumedbythesamesetofmechanisms.Onceperceptualanotherstatethatisabouttheexperience(Armstron
