Chapter 9 - Prosocial Beha

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1、Chapter9-ProsocialBehaviorWhatisProsocialBehavior?YourFairShareCooperation,Forgiveness,Obedience,andConformityWhyDoPeopleHelpOthers?WhoHelpsWhom?BystanderHelpinEmergenciesHowCanWeIncreaseHelping?DoingWhat’sBestforOthersOskarSchindler–Holocaustrescues

2、Whydohumansbehaveinhelpfulandcooperativewaysevenwhenitisnotintheirownselfinteresttodoso?WhatisProsocialBehavior?DoingsomethinggoodforsomeoneorforsocietyBuildsrelationships;allowssocietytofunctionIncludeshelpingothersObeyingtherulesConformingtosociall

3、yacceptablebehaviorCooperatingwithothersCooperationEachpersondoestheirpartandworktowardacommongoalPrisoner’sdilemmaForcedtochoosebetweencompetitionandcooperationIfoneofthepairisnotcooperative,thencooperationistypicallydoomedCommunicationimprovescoope

4、rationTradeoffs-Prisoner’sDilemmaChoiceisbetweencooperativeresponseandanantagonisticresponseChoiceisbetweenwhatisbestforonepersonversuswhatisbestforeveryoneNon-zero-sumgameObedienceFollowingordersfromanauthorityfigureMilgram(1963)Majorityofparticipan

5、tsdeliveredextremeshockstoascreamingvictiminobediencetoanauthorityfigureObedienceMilgram’sresearchrepresentedobedienceasanegative(negativeoutcome)Withoutobedience,societywouldnotfunctionObediencefostersSocialacceptanceGrouplifeConformityGoingalongwit

6、hthecrowdMaybegoodorbadAsch(1955,1956)NormativesocialinfluenceConformitytobeacceptedbythegroupInformationalsocialinfluenceConformitybasedonactionsofothersasevidenceaboutrealityConformityPeopleconformmorewhenothersarewatchingthemPublicconformityGoinga

7、longwiththecrowdregardlessofwhatoneprivatelybelievesPrivateattitudechangeAlteringone’sinternalattitudeFactorsinProsocialBehaviorEffectiveruleoflawFairnessandjusticePubliccircumstancesWantingtomakeagoodimpressionReciprocityObligationtoreturninkindwhat

8、anotherhasdoneforusDirectreciprocityIndirectreciprocityWillingnesstorequestoraccepthelpisoftenpredicatedonabilitytoreturninkindFairnessNormsthatpromotefairnessEquityEqualityPeopledesireasystembasedonfairnessandsocialexchangeSensitivityaboutbeingtheta