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1、1.WhatisDiscourse?•Languagedoesnotnormallyconsistofisolated,unrelatedsentences,butinsteadofcollocated,structured,coherentgroupsofsentenceswecancalladiscourse・2.WhatisDiscourseAnalysis?•Discourseanalysis(DA),ordiscoursestudies,isageneraltermforanumberofapproachestoanalyzingwritten，spoken,
2、signedIanguageuseoranysignificantsemioticevent.3.WhatisaSpeechAct?i.Aspeechactisanutteraneethatservesafunctionincommunication.一Austin'sSpeechActTheory(speechisitselfaformofaction:constativevs.performative)Austiniswidelyassociatedwiththeconceptofthespeechacttheoryandtheideathatspeechisits
3、elfaformofaction.•Constativeutteranceisonethatassertsorstatessomethingthatcanbejudgedastrueorfalse,(e.g.Hepromisedtogivehertendollars.)•Theperformativeisutteredintheperformanceofanillocutionaryactandiseitherfelicitousorinfelicitous.(e.g.Ipromisetogivehertendollars•丿•Limitation(e.g・Jocely
4、ngotaCartierforherbirthday.)Austinlatermodifiedhistheory:•locutionaryact以言指事行为theactualutteraneeanditsostensiblemeaning,comprisingphonetic,phaticandrheticactscorrespondingtotheverbal,syntacticandsemanticaspectsofanymeaningfulutteranee.・illocutionaryAct以言行事行为Thesemanticlllocutionaryforce1
5、oftheutteranee,thusitsreal,intendedmeaning•PrelocutionaryAct以语成事行为Itsactualeffect,whetherintendedornot••ILe.g.Inutteringthelocution"Isthereanysalt?11atthedinnertable,onemaytherebyperformtheillocutionaryactofrequestingsalt,aswellasthedistinctlocutionaryactofutteringtheinterrogatorysentenc
6、eaboutthepresenceofsalt,andthefurtherperlocutionaryactofcausingsomebodytohandonethesalt.Searle'sSpeechActTheory一Searle'sSpeechActTheory(Assertives,Directives,Commissives,Expressives,Declarations)1)Assertives断言类2)Directives指令类3)Commissives承诺类4)Expressives表达类5)Declarations宣告类•Searlehassetu
7、pthefollowingclassificationofillocutionaryspeechacts:E.G.Samsmokeshabitually.E.G.DoesSamsmokehabitually?E.GSam,smokehabitually!EGWouldthatSamsmokehabitually!(astatement,aquestion,acommand,andanexpressionofdesire,respectively)4.WhatisContext?Malinowski-Context"mustburstthe
