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1、測驗理論1FredLi,2003邁向科學之路☆量化科學之路:觀察、實驗、測量界定心理建構決定測量單位編製測量工具基本條件:待測的特質可量化嗎?亦即具有次序性與可加性嗎?(SeeMichell,1990)測量的思路:WedreambeforewethinkWethinkbeforewepoint.Wepointbeforewecount.Wecountbeforewerank.Werankbeforewedefineequalunits.Wedefineequalunitsbeforeseeknaturalorigin.2FredLi,20
2、03測驗理論:從傳統到當代Randomsamplingtheory:Classicaltesttheory(True-scoretesttheory):基本模式:X=T+E(tracedbacktoSpearman,1904;Gulliksen,1950)基本假設:Traitsareconstantandthevariationinobservedscoresarecausedbyrandomerrors.Generalizabilitytheory(Cronbach等,1972):Truescore並非唯一,dependingonthe
3、measurementdesign,randomfacets,andthesourcesofmeasurementerror。Itemresponsetheory:當代測驗之父:FredericLord(1913~2000),其博士論文(1951)為IRT之經典之作基本假設:單向度、局部獨立性基本模式:3FredLi,2003測驗理論的功能提供測驗發展歷程與測驗工具編製的評鑑準則提供解決測驗實務問題的立論基礎與方法:估計信、效度進行項目分析偵測偏誤題目測驗分數的等化決定計分方法設定通過標準等提供解釋測驗分數應注意事項4FredLi,200
4、3良好測量工具的特色☆單向度(uni-dimensionality)線性(linearity),方可進行算術的運算次序性(ordinality與可加性(conjointadditivity):例如ICC不交叉,測量單位相等不依賴樣本的題目參數估計(sample-freeitemcalibration)不依賴測驗的個人能力參數估計(test-freepersonmeasurement)具有好的信、效度應用簡便通常原始分數因單位不相等且非線性等等因素,原始分數的使用可能導致偏差的測量。5FredLi,2003CTT的起源Classicalte
5、sttheoryisnearlyacenturyold;CharlesSpearman(1904)laiditsfoundationinapaperinwhichheintroducedthedecompositionofanobservedscoreintoatruescoreandanerrorandshowedhowtoestimatethereliabilityofobservedscores.經過60餘年的擴充與推演之後,Novick(1966)終於可以推出完整的CTT理論。Novick,M.R.(1966).Theaxioms
6、andprincipalresultsofclassicaltesttheory.JournalofMathematicalPsychology,3,1-18.6FredLi,2003測驗理論:CTT(1)X=T+EX=theobservedtestscoreT=ahypotheticalerror-freetrue-scoreE=therandomerrorassociatedwithatruescore.Further,itemsareassumedtobesampledfrom“universes”or“domains”.Estim
7、ationofreliabilityandotherparametersmaybemadeusingthealgebraoflinearsums.SeeNunnally(1979)pp.190-224andSuen(1990),pp.27-39).7FredLi,2003測驗理論:CTT(2)Observedscore=Truescore+errorscoreX=T+ESEMforasampleSEMusingpopulationparameters(note:risforsamplewhileisforapopulation.There
8、isatendencytousepopulationparameterstodenotereliabilitycoefficients.Confidenceintervals(bands):9