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1、1.BackgroundTheAfricanblackswerefirstintroducedtotheAmericatobetheslaveswhoworkattheNorthfarmsinordertoremedytheshortageofthelocallabor.Intheory,aftertheEmancipationProclamationissuedbyPresident AbrahamLincoln onJanuary1,1863,theyalreadyenquiretheliberty.However,infact,because
2、ofthepovertyandlowereducation,theyhadtoworkforthewhitestosurvive,especiallyaftertheFederalarmylefttheNorththeAfrican-AmericanslosttheshiedofFederalandstillremainedintheracialsegregation.Plessyv.Ferguson,163 U.S. 537 (1896),isa landmark UnitedStatesSupremeCourt decisionupholdin
3、gtheconstitutionality ofstatelawsrequiring racialsegregation inpublicfacilitiesunderthedoctrineof"separatebutequal".[1]HoweverTheyexecutedthoroughlythesegregationbutneglectthepartofequality.What’smoretheRacialsegregationevenexistedinthefactory,hospital,schoolandarmy.2.AimThe A
4、frican-AmericanCivilRightsMovement encompasses socialmovements inthe UnitedStates whosegoalsweretoend racialsegregationanddiscrimination against blackAmericans andtosecurelegalrecognitionandfederalprotectionofthecitizenshiprightscountedinthe constitutionalamendments adoptedaft
5、erthe CivilWar.Thisarticlecoversthephaseofthemovementbetween1954and1968,particularlyinthe South.AnAfrican-Americanmangoesintothe"colored"entranceofa movietheater in Belzoni,Mississippi,1939.AnAfrican-Americanmandrinkingata"colored"drinkingfountaininastreetcarterminalin Oklahom
6、aCity,1939.在历经58年后，的法律观念才被推翻；1954年联邦最高法院在“布朗诉教育委员会”一案，判定种族隔离的学校并未提供黑人学生公平教育，因此公立学校应该要种族混合。一连串的非裔美国人民权运动也正式开始。3.Figure4.;boycottfollowsandbussegregationordinanceisdeclaredunconstitutional.FederalInterstateCommerceCommissionbanssegregationoninterstatetrainsandbuses.1956 --Coalit
7、ionofSoutherncongressmencallsformassiveresistancetoSupremeCourtdesegregationrulings.1957 --ArkansasGov.OrvalRubususesNationalGuardtoblocknineblackstudentsfromattendingaLittleRockHighSchool;followingacourtorder,PresidentEisenhowersendsinfederaltroopstoensurecompliance.Congressa
8、pprovesawatered-downvotingrightsactafterafilibusterbySouthern
