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Greekculture希腊文化1・WhatarethemajorelementsinEuropeanculture?TherearetwomainelementstheGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement.2・WhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety?InGreeksociety,onlyadultmalecitizenhadrealpowerandthecitizenshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather.TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor・Slavesworkedfortheirmasters.Theexploitationwasaserioussocialproblem・TheGreekslovedsports.TheyoftentookpartinthecontestsofsportsinOlympusMount,thusOlympicGamescameintobeing.3.WhatdidHomerdo?WhyisheimportantinthehistoryofEuropeanliterature?HedepictedthegreatGreekmenwholivedintheperiod1200-1100B.C.andwarshappeningatthattime.Asanauthorofepics,heemployedfineliterarylanguagetodescribewarsandmen,eventhoughtheyweredull.HestoodinthepeekofGreekliteratureandexertedagreatinfluenceonhisfollowers.4.WhoweretheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece?Whatimportantplaysdideachofthemwrite? Aeschylus,SophoclesandEuripideswerethreeoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece・Aeschylus:PrometheusBound,Persians,AgamemnonSophocles:OedipustheKing,Electra,AntigoneEuripides:Andromache,Medea,TrojanWomen3.Weretherehistoriansthen?Whowerethey?Whatdideachofthemwriteabout?Yes,thereare.TheywereHerodotusandThucydides.HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians・ThucydideswroteaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse・4.Wouldyousaythatphilosophywashighlydevelopedthen?Whowerethemajorphilosophers?No,Iwouldn9t.Becausethosephilosophicalideaswereonlyidealismorsimplematerialismormetaphysics・Socrates,PlatoandAristotlewerethemajorphilosophersatthattime.5.SaysomethingaboutGreeksculpture,potteryandarchitecture・WhatwasthemostfamousGreektemple?Isitstillthere?(1)Alongw辻htheformationofGreekcivilization,Greeksculpture,potteryandarchitecturegotmanygreatachievements.Greeksputintoworksofartthethingstheyadmiredandworshiped,thescientificrulestheydiscovered・Greekartevolvedfromthearchaicperiodtothe classicalperiodwhichmarked计smaturity・(1)themostfamoustemplewastheAcropolisatAthens・(2)Yes,itisstillthere・1・WhyshouldwetakethiscourseEuropeanCulture:anIntroduction?2・What'stheimportance,purposeandmeaningofthiscourse?自然学科给了你知识人文学科给了你智慧文理交融、相映成辉Toperfect/improvethestructureofourknowledgeTobroadenourhorizonToenrichourlifeTodevelopourinterestinliterature/history1.Heraclitussaid:a.Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver.b.Thesunisneweveryday・2.JuliusCaesarJssayingsare:a..Icame,Isaw,Iconquered・b.Thedieiscast.色（骰）子已掷出。3・TheRomanwriterHoracesaid: CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive・4.ThegreatestnamesinEuropeanphilosophyareSocrates,PlatoandAristotle・5.Archimedes'saying:"Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.HGreekcultureandRomanculture希腊、罗马文化I.Greekculture希腊文化1.WhatarethemajorelementsinEuropeanculture?TherearetwomainelementstheGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement.2.WhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety?InGreeksociety,onlyadultmalecitizenhadrealpowerandthec辻izenshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather.TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.Slavesworkedfortheirmasters・Theexploitationwasaserioussocialproblem・TheGreekslovedsports・Theyo仕entookpartinthecontestsofsportsinOlympusMount,thusOlympicGamescameintobeing・3.WhatdidHomerdo?WhyisheimportantinthehistoryofEuropeanliterature?HedepictedthegreatGreekmenwholivedintheperiod1200-1100BC.andwarshappeningatthattime・Asanauthorofepics, heemployedfineliterarylanguagetodescribewarsandmen,eventhoughtheyweredull.HestoodinthepeekofGreekliteratureandexertedagreatinfluenceonhisfollowers.1.WhoweretheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece?Whatimportantplaysdideachofthemwrite?Aeschylus,SophoclesandEuripideswerethreeoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece・Aeschylus:PrometheusBound,Persians,AgamemnonSophocles:OedipustheKing,Electra,AntigoneEuripides:Andromache,Medea,TrojanWomen2.Weretherehistoriansthen?Whowerethey?Whatdideachofthemwriteabout?Yes,thereare.TheywereHerodotusandThucydides・HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians・ThucydideswroteaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse・3.Wouldyousaythatphilosophywashighlydevelopedthen?Whowerethemajorphilosophers?No,Iwouldn9t.Becausethosephilosophicalideaswereonlyidealismorsimplematerialismormetaphysics・Socrates,PlatoandAristotlewerethemajorphilosophersatthattime.7・DidSocrateswriteanybook?Howthendoweknowabouthim?Whatdistinguishedhisphilosophy?No,hedidn,t・WeknowSocrates chieflythroughwhatPlatorecordedofhiminthefamousDialogueswrittenbyPlato.Heconsideredthatphilosophyrestedwiththedissectofoneselfandvirtuewashighworthoflife.Hismethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers,wasknownasthedialecticalmethod・3.TellsomeofPlatoJsideas・Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?(1)Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral一ideas||,likebeauty,truth,andgoodness.(2)Weshouldnotlookatthethingswhicharenotseen:forthethingswhicharenotseeneternal・Becauseheemphasizedtheimportanceof一ideas||andbelievedthat一thought||hadcreatedtheworld,peoplecallhimanidealist.4.InwhatimportantwayswasAristotledifferentfromPlato?WhataresomeofAristotlesworksthatarestillinfluentialtoday?(1)Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.Thisisd辻ferentfromPlatoJsrelianceonsubjectivethinking・(2)Hethoughtthat一idea||andmattertogethermadeconcreteindividualrealitiesinwhichhedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadhigherrealitythanthepoliticalworld・Hissignificantworksincludes:Ethics,PoliticsandRhetoric・5.Whoweresomeoftheotherphilosophersactiveinthatperiod?DoestheworduEpicureanninitsmodernsenseconveythetruemeaning ofthephilosophyoftheancientEpicureans?Whatweretheirviewsonpleasure?(1)TheywereHeracleitue,Democritus,Diogenes,Pyrrhon,EpicurusandZeno.(2)No,itdoesn，t.TheancientEpicureansbelievedpleasuretobethehighestworthoflife,butbypleasuretheymeant,notsensualenjoymentbutthatattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.Butthisideawasmisledbymodernpeople,intheirsense,theword一Epicurean||hascometomeanindulgenceinluxuriousliving.3.SaysomethingaboutGreeksculpture,potteryandarchlecture.WhatwasthemostfamousGreektemple?Isitstillthere?(1)AlongwiththeformationofGreekcivilization,Greeksculpture,potteryandarchitecturegotmanygreatachievements・Greeksputintoworksofartthethingstheyadmiredandworshiped,thescientificrulestheydiscovered・Greekartevolvedfromthearchaicperiodtotheclassicalperiodwhichmarkeditsmaturity.(2)themostfamoustemplewastheAcropolisatAthens.(3)Yes,itisstillthere.12・GivesomeexamplestoshowtheenormousinfluenceofGreekcultureonEnglishliterature・Someexamples:(1)AFreudianterm一OedipusComplex||of19thcenturyoriginatingfromaGreektragedyinwhichkingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfatherandmarriedhismother.(2)Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekculturein workswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:Byron9sIsleofGreece,ShelleyJsHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats'sOdeonaGrecianUrn.(3)Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyceJsmodernistmasterpieceUlysses・II・Romanculture罗马文化1.WhatdidtheRomanhaveincommonw让htheGreeks?Andwhatwasthechiefdifferencebetweenthem?(l)TheRomanshadalotincommonwiththeGreeks・Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly,hostiletomonarchyandtoservility.Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified——GreekZeuswithRomanJupiter,GreekAphroditewithRomanVenus,andsoon一andthe计mythstobefused・Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarwaysandwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilywhichstretchesfromBangladeshtoIceland.(2)Therewasonebigdifference・TheRomansbuiltupavastempire・TheGreeksdidn,t,exceptedforthebriefmomentofAlexandersconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.2.ExplainPaxRomana・Intheyear27B.C.,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustus・Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy一thefamousRomanLegions andaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules・ThustheRomansenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years・ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknownasPaxRomana・1.WhatcontributionsdidtheRomansmaketotheruleoflaw?InRomanJsearlieststage,onlyanumberofpatriciansknewthecustomarylegalprocedure・WhentheruleswereputintowritinginthemiddleofthethirdcenturyE.C.itmarkedavictoryfortheplebeians・Therewasfurtherdevelopmentoflawundertheemperorsuntilitwascodified,eventuallytobecomethecoreofmoderncivilandcommerciallawinmanyWesterncountries・2.WhoweretheimportantprosewritersinancientRome?Whatdoes"Ciceronian”mean?DidCicerowritethatkindofrhetoricalproseallthetime?MarcusTulliusCiceroandJuliusCaesarweretwoimportantprosewriters・<2>CiceronianmeansCicero?seloquentoratoricalmannerofwriting,WhichhashadanenormousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.<3>No,hedidn't・BecauseCiceroappearsasadifferentmanwithadifferentstyle,farlessrhetorical,butcolloquialandintimate・3.GivetheexampleofthetersestyleofJuliusCaesarJsprose.Anexample:Icame,Isaw,Iconquered(modelsofsuccinctLatin).4.WhowasLucretius?Whatdidhedo?(l)Lucretiuswasapoetof ancientRome.(2)HewrotethephilosophicalpoemOntheNatureofThingtoexpoundtheideasofEpicurustheGreekatomist.1.WhatisthebookforwhichVirgilhasbeenfamousthroughoutthecountries?InwhatwaysisthebooklinkedwiththeGreekpast?(l)ThebookwasAeneid・(2)ThestorywasaboutAeneas,oneoftheprincesofTroy,whoescapedfromthatburningcitywhenitfelltotheGreeks,tocarryontheTrojancauseinanewplace,Rome・Hedidn,tgoalone,but,carryinghisfatheronhisshouldersandleadinghislittlesonbythehand,afamilygroupofthreegenerationsmovedtogether.ThusinthiswaythebookislinkedwiththeGreekpast.2.WhydowesayAeneusisatrulytragichero?BecauseAeneashadtobetraythegreatpassionofhislife,hisloveforDido,queenofCarthage,sothathecouldfulfillhishistoricmission.3.WhatisthechiefRomanachievementinarchlecture?Givesomeexamples・(1)TheRomansweregreatengineers.Theycoveredtheirworldfromoneendtotheotherwithroads,bridges,aqueducts,theatresandarenas.(2)Someexamples:A.ThePantheon:thegreatestthebestpreservedRomantemplebuiltin27B・C・・B.PontduGard:itisanexceptionallywell-preservedaqueductthatspansawidevalleyinsouthernFrance・ 1.Whyarethewall-paintingsoftheancientRomansstillsignificanttoustoday?RomanpaintingwasstronglyinfluencedbytheartofGreece・Anditalsohadpecularitiesofitsown.Unfortunatelymuchofthepaintingnolongerexists・Thereare,however,somewall-paintingsfromPompeiiandothertownsnearNaples・Thesewall-paintingsincludestilllives,landscapepaintingsandfigurepaintings・AmongthemwereLadyMusicianandYoungGirl,theMaidenGatheringFlowersandtheLandscape.
