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1、Passage:AttributesofSuccess[Para1]InPetersandWaterman^best-sellingbook,InSearchofExcellence,theyprovideananalysisofthecharacteristicsofAmerica'sbest-runcompanies.Theyconcludethattherearceightbasicpracticesthatthesesuccessfulcompanieshaveincommon.[Para2]Itisimportanttonoteth
2、attheseattributesareassociatedwithsuccessfulcompanies,butarenotnecessarilythecausesofthesuccessoftheseenterprises・Thisisimportantbecauseoneshouldnotassumethatmimickingthesepracticeswillleadtosuccess.Amorereasonableinterpretationisthatthesepracticescanhelptoproducethecontinu
3、alimprovementofenterprisewheretechnologyandtechnologistsarecentral.LABiasforaction[Para3]Thisbasicpracticeisquitesimple・Ratherthanfocusingontheorganization,committees,andreportingrelationships,successfulcompaniesact.Theyarenotparalyzedbyanalysis・Theymakethingshappen.[Para4]
4、Buthowdotheyact?Howdotheyknowwhattodo?Simplybeingactivecannotpossiblybethenumber-oneelementofsuccess.Theanswertothesequestionsisthatsuccessfulcompaniesknowwhotheyareandtheyknowwheretheyaregoing.Thereisaclearvisionandsenseofdirection,aswellasacultureadaptedtopursuitofthisvis
5、ionviacrisplyarticulatedplans.[Para5]Withoutavisionandassociatedplans,abiasforactionwillnotproducesuccess.Manytechnology-basedstartupcompaniesareveryactivelearningaboutnewtechnologies,creatingnewproducts,andhiringstaff.Theseactivitiesmaygettheproduct—thefounders9vision—utth
6、edoorandinthemarketplace.Initialsalesandprofitsgoalsmaybeachieved.However,withoutalong-termvision,plansforgettingthere,andanappropriateculture,noamountofactivitywillyieldconsistentsuccess.2.ClosetotheCustomer[Para6]Thispracticeneedslittleelaboration.Wehavediscussedmanymetho
7、dsandtoolsforlearningfromone'scustomers.Customerscanprovideinvaluableinformationabouttheirproblemsandplans,howtheyareusingcurrentproducts,andnewproductsthattheywouldliketosee.[Para7]Inmanyofthelargetechnology-basedenterpriseswithwhomIhaveworked,itisoftenverydifficultformost
8、employeestogetclosetotheendusersoftheenterprisersproducts.Forexample,oneobviouslyc
