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1、Unit2Passage:AttributesofSuccess[Para1]InPetersandWaterman’sbest-sellingbook,InSearchofExcellence,theyprovideananalysisofthecharacteristicsofAmerica’sbest–runcompanies.Theyconcludethatthereareeightbasicpracticesthatthesesuccessfulcompanieshaveincommon.[Para2]Itis
2、importanttonotethattheseattributesareassociatedwithsuccessfulcompanies,butarenotnecessarilythecausesofthesuccessoftheseenterprises.Thisisimportantbecauseoneshouldnotassumethatmimickingthesepracticeswillleadtosuccess.Amorereasonableinterpretationisthatthesepractic
3、escanhelptoproducethecontinualimprovementofenterprisewheretechnologyandtechnologistsarecentral.1.ABiasforaction[Para3]Thisbasicpracticeisquitesimple.Ratherthanfocusingontheorganization,committees,andreportingrelationships,successfulcompaniesact.Theyarenotparalyze
4、dbyanalysis.Theymakethingshappen.[Para4]Buthowdotheyact?Howdotheyknowwhattodo?Simplybeingactivecannotpossiblybethenumber-oneelementofsuccess.Theanswertothesequestionsisthatsuccessfulcompaniesknowwhotheyareandtheyknowwheretheyaregoing.Thereisaclearvisionandsenseof
5、direction,aswellasacultureadaptedtopursuitofthisvisionviacrisplyarticulatedplans.[Para5]Withoutavisionandassociatedplans,abiasforactionwillnotproducesuccess.Manytechnology-basedstartupcompaniesareveryactivelearningaboutnewtechnologies,creatingnewproducts,andhirin
6、gstaff.Theseactivitiesmaygettheproduct––thefounders’vision––outthedoorandinthemarketplace.Initialsalesandprofitsgoalsmaybeachieved.However,withoutalong-termvision,plansforgettingthere,andanappropriateculture,noamountofactivitywillyieldconsistentsuccess.2.Closetot
7、heCustomer[Para6]Thispracticeneedslittleelaboration.Wehavediscussedmanymethodsandtoolsforlearningfromone’scustomers.Customerscanprovideinvaluableinformationabouttheirproblemsandplans,howtheyareusingcurrentproducts,andnewproductsthattheywouldliketosee.[Para7]Inman
8、yofthelargetechnology-basedenterpriseswithwhomIhaveworked,itisoftenverydifficultformostemployeestogetclosetotheendusersoftheenterprise’sproducts.Forexample,one
