音系学研究简介

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1、[entryforEncyclopediaoftheSocialandBehavioralSciences,ElsevierScienceLtd.2002]PhonologyS.R.Anderson一YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,USAAbstractPhonologydealswithsoundstructureinindividuallanguages:thewaydistinctionsinsoundareusedtodifferentiatelinguisticitems,andthewaysinwhichthesoundstr

2、uctureofthe'same*elementvariesasafunctionoftheothersoundsinitscontext.Phonologyandphoneticsbothinvolvesoundinnaturallanguage,butdifferinthatphoneticsdealswithsoundsfromalanguage-independentpointofview,whilephonologystudiesthewaysinwhichtheyaredistributedanddeployedwithinparticularlanguages.P

3、honologyoriginatedwiththeinsightthatmuchobservablephoneticdetailisirrelevantorpredictablewithinthesystemofagivenlanguage・Thisledtothepositingofphonemesasminimalcontrastivesoundunitsinlanguage,eachcomposed(accordingtomanywriters)ofacollectionofdistinctivefeaturesofcontrast・Laterworkshowedthat

4、afocusonsurfacecontrastultimatelywasmisguided,andgenerativephonoJogyreplacedthiswithaconceptionofphonologyasanaspectofspeakers'knowledgeoflinguisticstructure.Importantresearchproblemshaveinvolvedtherelationbetweenphonologicalandphoneticform;themutualinteractionofphonologicalregularities;ther

5、elationofphonologicalstructuretoothercomponentsofgrammar;andtheappropriatenessofrulesvs.constraintsasformulationsofphonologicalregularities.PhonologyPhonologyisconcernedwiththesoundstructureofwordsandutteranceswithinindividuallanguages,thewaydistinctionsinsoundareusedtodifferentiatelinguisti

6、citemswithinalanguage,andthewaysinwhichthesoundstructureofthe'same'elementvariesasafunctionoftheothersoundsinitscontext.Whilebothphonologyandphoneticsareconcernedwiththeroleofsoundinnaturallanguage,theydifferinthatphoneticsdealswiththearticulatory,acoustic,andperceptualpropertiesofsoundsfrom

7、ageneral,language-independentpointofview(seePhonetics,articulatory),whilephonologystudiesthewaysinwhichthesepropertiesaredistributedanddeployedwithinparticularlanguages・1.GoalsofPhonologyThestudyofalanguage'sparticularsoundpropertieshasanumberofasp