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1、1Investigationofultrafastlaser–photonicmaterialinteractions:challengesfordirectlywrittenglassphotonicsM.Ams,G.D.Marshall,P.Dekker,M.Dubov,V.K.Mezentsev,I.BennionandM.J.Withford,Member,OSA(InvitedPaper)Abstract—Currently,direct-writewaveguidefabricationis(ii)oscillator-onlyTi:Sapphiresystem
2、swithlowenergy(nJ)probablythemostwidelystudiedapplicationoffemtosecondandhighrepetitionrates(MHz),(iii)highpulseenergy(nJ-J)lasermicromachiningintransparentdielectrics.Devicessuchasytterbium-dopedfibrelasersathighrepetitionrates(100kHz-buriedwaveguides,powersplitters,couplers,gratingsandop
3、ticalMHz)aswellascavitydumpedYb:KYWlaseroscillators.amplifiershaveallbeendemonstrated.WaveguidepropertiesdependcriticallyonthesamplematerialpropertiesandwritingWhileallofthesystemsdescribedaboveareeffectiveatlasercharacteristics.Inthispaperwediscussthechallengesmodifyingtransparentdielectri
4、cssignificantdifferencesexistfacingresearchersusingthefemtosecondlaserdirect-writetech-betweenthemechanismunderlyingthemodificationandthere-niquewithspecificemphasisbeingplacedonthesuitabilityofforealsothestrengthofthemodification,levelofdamage(iffusedsilicaandphosphateglassasdevicehostsfordif
5、ferentany)andmostimportantlyintermsofwaveguideswhethertheapplications.indexchangeispositiveornegative.KeyparameterswhichIndexTerms—Lasermachining,lasermaterials-processingap-affectthewritingpropertiesincludethesampletranslationplications,opticalglass,opticalwaveguides.speed,focussedbeamsha
6、pe,beampolarisation,pulseenergy,pulserepetitionrate,wavelengthandpulseduration.OtherI.INTRODUCTIONpropertiesthatdictatethetypeofmaterialmodificationin-N1996,itwasshownthattightlyfocussedfemtosecondclude,forexample,bandgapenergy,whetherthesampleisIinfraredlaserpulsescancreateapermanentrefrac
7、tiveindexcrystallineoramorphous,thermalcharacteristicsandfracturemodificationinsidebulkglassmaterials[1],[2].Althoughin-strength.Inthispaperwereviewworkintheareaofdirect-vestigationsintounderstandingthenatureofthismodificationwritefemtosecondlasermodificationofph
