1、A working definition might be “ the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographically-referenced information.” 现行的一个定义是“涉及工艺、科学和技术的地理信息的处理”Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position of natural and artificial featu
2、res on,above or below the earth’s surface;测量传统定义为确定地表、地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征；The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error, generally is called plane surveying.（这种类型的测量把地球
3、平均的表面视作平面，或认为地球曲率带来的误差可以忽略不计，这样的测量工作称为平面测量） The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas involved are of limited extent.（这个术语曾指涉及的距离及范围非常有限的测量工作） With regard to horizontal distances and directions, a level line is considered mathematically straight, the dir
4、ection of the plumb line is considered to be the same at all points within the limits of the survey, and all angles are considered to be plane angles.（由于被当成了水平距离和方向，水平线被当成直线，在这个有限范围内所有点上的铅垂线方向被认为是相同的，所有的角被认为都是平面角。）There is close cooperation between geodetic surveying and plane surveyin
5、g.（大地测量和平面测量关系密切。） The geodetic survey adopts the parameters determined by measurements of the earth, and its own results are available to those who measure the earth. （大地测量采用通过测量地球得到的参数，而其计算结果又可以被测量地球的工作所利用） The plane surveys, in turn, are generally tied to-6- the control points of th
6、e geodetic surveys and serve particularly in the development of national map series and in the formation of real estate cadastres.（接下来，平面测量，一般依赖于大地测量建立的控制点，在国家地图系列的发展和在房地产地籍信息领域提供特别服务。）Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on th
7、e desired quality of the result. （根据测量结果的精度要求不同，平距或斜距有多种测量方法） A horizontal line at a point is any line that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point. （一点上的水平线是垂直于过该点的垂线的直线。） With the theodolite set up, centered, and leveled over at station A, then a simple horizontal angle
