竞技体育业和全球社会不平等【外文翻译】

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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：THEBUSINESSOFSPORTSANDTHEMANUFACTURINGOFGLOBALSOCIALINEQUALITY出处：EsporteeSociedadeBusinessofsportsano2,n.6,Jul.2007/Out.2007Manzenreiter作者：Prof.Dr.WolframManzenreiter原文：THEBUSINESSOFSPORTSANDTHEMANUFACTURINGOFGLOBALSOCIALINEQUALITYProf.Dr.WolframManzenreiterUniver

2、sityofVienna/DepartmentofEastAsianStudiesIntroducingthe“SportIndustrialComplex”MeetinginParisatitstwentiethsessionin1978,theGeneralConferenceoftheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)adoptedtheInternationalCharterofPhysicalEducationandSport.Withinthe

3、preamble,membercountriesoftheUNESCOdemandedtheguaranteeoffreeaccesstosportforallhumanbeings,sincetheunconstraineddevelopmentofphysicalpowerandabilitiesisnotonlyacornerstoneofthe“effectiveexerciseofhumanrights”butalsoasignificant“contributiontotheinculcationoffundamentalhumanvalu

4、es”.Inasimilarfashion,TheEuropeanSportsCharter(adoptedin1992)applaudedtherolesportisplayingby“reinforcingthebondsbetweenpeoples”andthe“contributionswhichsportcanmaketopersonalandsocialdevelopment”.Whilethereisnoreasontotakeissueswiththepositivefunctionssportgenerallymayhavebothf

5、ortheindividualandcommunities,acloserlookatthedevelopmentofsportindevelopedanddevelopingcountriesclearlyindicatesthatthesocialbenefitsofsportdependonnationalwealthandcorrespondingpoliticalaction.InthisrespectIarguethatgovernmentsaswellasnon-governmentalstakeholdersintheadministr

6、ationofsporthavelargelyfailedatsafeguardingsportagainstalternativeinterests,mostnotablythoseofaneconomickind.Sporthasbeenassociatedwithbusinessforalongtime,yetthestraightforwardequationofsportwithprofit-makingandcommercialisationisaratherrecentphenomenon.Particularlyinthecaseofp

7、rofessionalteamsports,publicattentioncirculatesbetweenmind-bogglingsalariesoftopplayers,sponsorshipcontractsworthmanymilliondollarsandbilliondollar-salesofmediarights.YetasGeorgeSage(1998:131)noted,sportmustbeperceivedasahistoricalformation,andthereisnothinguniversalabouttoday’s

8、highlycommercialisedsportindustry.Eventhoughama