Technology and industrial clusters how different are they to manage【外文翻译】

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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Technologyandindustrialclusters:howdifferentaretheytomanage?出处：ScienceandPublicPolicy,37(9),November2010,pages679–688作者：MicheleColettiAbstractIndustrialdistrictsandclustershavelongbeenknownfortheirpositivecontributiontolocaldevelopment.Inrecentyears,inspiredbysuccessfulexamplessucha

2、stheSiliconValley,manylocalgovernmentandpublicagenciesinEuropeandelsewherehavestartedtolaunchinitiativestodeveloptechnologyclustersinselectedlocations.Usually,clusterinitiativesarecarriedoutbyadhocclusterorganisations.Theseareintermediatebodiesemployingpeopleinchargeofanimatingclusters,thesocalled

3、clustermanagers.Thisworkdealswiththeactivitiescarriedoutbyclustermanagersandthecompetencesrequiredbythem.Italsoinvestigatesthedifferencesbetweenthemanagementoftechnologyandindustrialclusters.ThemainsourcehasbeenthesecondaryanalysisofresultsfromthelargestsurveyinthisfieldcarriedoutinEuropetodate.in

4、troductionForalongtime,districtsandclustershavebeennoticedbysociologistsandeconomists,butitisonlyinthelasttwodecadesthatmanypolicy-makershavebeguntoactivelynurturetheirgrowthasawaytospurlocaleconomicdevelopment.Aslongagoasin1890theeconomistAlfredMarshallintroducedtheconceptoftheindustrialdistricta

5、ndidentifiedtheadvantagesoftheco-locationoffirms.BecattiniandBellandi(2006)describedistrictsoftraditionalindustriesascharacterisedbyseveralpopulations/typologiesofspecialisedandautonomousenterprisescoveringvariousstagesofaproductivenetwork.Thesefirmstendtobeaggregatedin‘opensquads’whichinternallye

6、xchangeknowledgeandworktogethertoproducecollectivegoods,butifnecessarytheycansourcetoexternalfirms.Otherfeaturesofdistrictsarespecificpublicgoods,integratinglabourdivisionandcoordinatingmanufacturers.一、TechnologyandindustrialclustersDespitePorter’sstatementthattherearenolow-orhigh-techsectors,buto

7、nlylow-orhigh-techcompanies(1996),parameterssuchastheR&Dintensity(generallymeasuredasR&Dexpenditureasashareofsalesrevenues)varysignificantlyacrosssectors(ReinstallerandUnterlass,2008).Thesamegoesforclusters:there