哈佛公开课：公正该如何是好笔记

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1、Professor:MichaelsandelClass1:themoralsideofmurderFirstquestion:Whatistherightthingtodo?Killoneinsteadoffive?Backgrounds:Supposethatyouareatrolley（电车）driver,yourbreaksdon’twork,youstillcouldcontrolthesteeringwheel,andtherearetwotracksinfrontofyouOneo

2、pinion:gostraightSecondone:turnaroundtothetrackwhereonlyonepeoplestandingPrinciple:bettertosavefivelivesevenifitmeanstosacrificingone第一种观点：转弯牺牲一个人的做法和极权主义和种族主义（genocideandtotalitarianism）的出发点一致第二种观点：你不能做出杀死五个人而放弃牺牲一个人就能救五人性命的选择。（多数选择）场景转换：你变成了一个onloo

3、ker（旁观者）在桥上看着轨道，身边有一个胖子探出身子再看，你会把他推下桥从而救五个人的命吗？不会（多数选择）:推人是主观行动而且是你可控制的行为，而电车的情况你无法控制Moralprinciple:1whatyoushoulddodependsontheconsequencesthatwillresultfromyouractions.(consequentialistmoralreasoning结果主义道德伦理locatesmoralityintheconsequenceofanact)re

4、latedtoutilitarianism(功利主义)2categoricalmoralreasoning绝对主义道德伦理locatesmoralityincertaindutiesandrightsPhilosophyestrangesusfromthefamiliarbyinvitingandprovokingusanewwayofseeing哲学使得熟悉的事物变得陌生通过引进和启发我们一个看待事物的新方式Oncethefamiliarturnsstrangeisneverquitesame

5、againImmanuelkantskepticismisarestingplaceforhumanreasonOneofthemostimportantandinfluentialversionsofconsequentialistmoraltheory:philosophyofutilitarianism,Jeremybentham,englishphilosopherfirstgavethisconceptUtilitarianism:Jeremybenthamideaismaximize

6、theutility(效益最大化)，utility:Pleasureoverpain,thesloganofit“thegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumber”故事：19世纪的英国法律案件，在所在帆船被风浪击毁，超过二十天在救生艇上飘荡的四名英国船员，三人因为生存的需要杀了他们奄奄一息的同伴并以他的血和肉生存下来并且最终得救，回到英国三人面临抹杀罪名的审判，他们的行为在道德上能否被接受？Itstillunacceptedtokillingoneforsurvival(v

7、astmajority):youdon’townthispowertodecideothers’fatesClasstwo:puttingapricetagonlifeUtilitylogic:cost-benefitanalysis(成本收益分析)，placingavaluetostandforutilityoncostandbenefitsofvariousproposalsAcost-benefitanalysisofsmokingonCzechbyPhilipmorrisstudycos

8、tsbenefitsIncreasedinhealthcarecostsTaxrevenuefromcigarettesalesHealthcaresavings(earlydeath)PensionsavingsSavingsonhousingcostsConclusion:Czechgovernmentnetgain$147milliondollarifcitizenssmokeSavingsfromprematuredeaths$1227perpersonRepairingthefordp