专业英语有机物命名

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1、2有机物的命名1烷烃（alkanes）1.1直链烷烃烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如：甲烷methane乙烷ethane丙烷propane丁烷butane戊烷pentane己烷hexane庚烷heptane辛烷octane壬烷nonane癸烷decane十一烷undecane十二烷dodecaneAlkane=Numberprefix-aneforexample:CH4Meth

2、aneCH3CH2CH3PropaneCH3CH3EthaneCH3(CH2)2CH3ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3PentaneCH3(CH2)4CH3HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3HeptaneCH3(CH2)6CH3OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3NonaneCH3(CH2)8CH3Decane11~19Alkane=Numberprefix-decaneforexample:11-alkaneUndecane12-alkaneDodecane13-alkaneTridecane14-alkaneTetradecane15-alka

3、nePentadecane16-alkaneHexadecane17-alkaneHeptadecane18-alkaneOctadecane19-alkaneNonadecane20-alkaneIcosane21~29Alkane=Numberprefix-cosaneforexample:21-alkaneHenicosane22-alkaneDocosane23-alkaneTricosane24-alkaneTetracosane25-alkanePentacosane30-AlkaneTriacontane31~39Alkane=Number

4、prefix-triacontaneforexample:31-AlkaneHentriacontane32-AlkaneDotriacontane33-AlkaneTritriacontane34-AlkaneTetratriacontane35-Alkanepentatriacontane36-AlkaneHexatriacontane40~90Alkane=Numberprefix-contaneforexample:40AlkaneTetracontane50AlkanePentacontane60AlkaneHexacontane70Alka

5、neHeptacontane80AlkaneOctacontane90AlkaneNonacontane100AlkaneHectane1.2含支链烷烃和烷基命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢（hydrogen）原子被称为烷基（alkylgroups）的原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。如：CH3-MethylCH3-(CH2)9-CH2-UndecylCH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH33-MethylpentaneUnivalentradicalsRadical=Alk-ylfore

6、xample:CH3-MethylCH3CH2-EthylCH3CH2CH2-PropylCH3(CH2)2CH2-ButylSaturatedbranched-chainhydrocarbonbranched-chainhydrocarbon=n-Radical+alkaneforexample:UnivalentbranchedradicalsRadical=Alk-ylforexample:AlkanesThenamesforthefirsttwentycontinuous-chainalkanesarelistedinTable1.Table1 

7、 Namesofcontinuous-chainalkanesCH4MethaneC11H24undecaneC2H6EthaneC12H26dodecaneC3H8PropaneC13H28tridecaneC4H10ButaneC14H30tetradecaneC5H12PentaneC15H32pentadecaneC6H14HexaneC16H34hexadecaneC7H16HeptaneC17H36HeptadecaneC8H18OctaneC18H38OctadecaneC9H20NonaneC19H40NonadecaneC10H22De

8、caneC20H42EicosaneAlkenesandAlkynesUnbra