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1、AmericanPoliticalScienceReviewVol.103,No.3August2009doi:10.1017/S0003055409990050GayRightsintheStates:PublicOpinionandPolicyResponsivenessJEFFREYR.LAXandJUSTINH.PHILLIPSColumbiaUniversityestudytheeffectsofpolicy-specificpublicopiniononstateadoptionofpoliciesaffectinggaysan
2、dlesbians,andthefactorsthatconditionthisrelationship.UsingnationalsurveysandWadvancesinopinionestimation,wecreatenewestimatesofstate-levelsupportforeightpolicies,includingcivilunionsandnondiscriminationlaws.Wedifferentiatebetweenresponsivenesstoopinionandcongruencewithopi
3、nionmajorities.Wefindahighdegreeofresponsiveness,controllingforinterestgrouppressureandtheideologyofvotersandelectedofficials.Policysaliencestronglyincreasestheinfluenceofpolicy-specificopinion(directlyandrelativetogeneralvoterideology).Thereis,however,asurprisingamountofnonc
4、ongruence—forsomepolicies,evenclearsupermajoritysupportseemsinsufficientforadoption.Whennoncongruent,policytendstobemoreconservativethandesiredbyvoters;thatis,thereislittleprogaypolicybias.Wefindlittletonoevidencethatstatepoliticalinstitutionsaffectpolicyresponsivenessorcon
5、gruence.herightsofgaysandlesbians,aspartoftheso-tensionsremainunresolved.Ourinquiryshedsinsightcalledculturewars,lieattheheartofrecentintohowthesetensionsplayoutforgayrights,and,inTpoliticalconflictintheUnitedStates,perhapsparticular,willallowustoassesstheextenttowhicheven
6、affectingtheoutcomeofthe2004presidentialmajoritarianresponsivenesshasthwartedtheobjec-election.Battlesovergayrightshavebeenfoughttivesofthegayrightsmovement.Thesequestionsaremostintenselyatthesubnationallevelinlegislatures,notansweredbytheexistingliterature,whichtendstoco
7、urtrooms,anddirectdemocracycampaignsyield-focusontraditionalNewDealissues,suchaswelfareingacomplexpolicymosaic.Somestateshaveadoptedorregulatorypolicy,oranarrowsetofBurgerCourtnumerousprogaypolicies;othershavefewornone.socialissues,suchasabortionandthedeathpenaltyWhatexpl
8、ainsthisvariation?Inparticular,significant(Burstein2003).Responsivenessinthoseareaswouldcontrover
